Empoasca Walsh, 1862

Dataset
GBIF Backbone Taxonomy: Rank
GENUS: Published in
Walsh, B.D. (1862a) Fire blight. Two new foes of the apple and pear. Prairie Farmer. (N.S.). 10, 147–149.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Classification

kingdom
Animalia: phylum
Arthropoda: class
Insecta: order
Hemiptera: family
Cicadellidae: genus
Empoasca

diagnosis

Diagnosis. Predominant color of body pale green to yellowish green, ornamented with few symmetrical creamcolored markings on head and thorax; crown in dorsal view distinctly longer medially than next to eye, coronal suture not extended beyond apex of crown; forewing with apical cells 2 and 3 both quadrate basally. Male pygofer usually with ventral process free from pygofer lobes for at least half its length; anal tube with process prominent; subgenital plate with base moderately wide, outer margin straight or slightly convex, basal marginal setae well differentiated, distal marginal setae continuous from near midlength to apex, fine setae scattered throughout length of plate and macrosetae seldom uniseriate reaching apex of plate; connective with anterior margin bilobed; aedeagus with dorsoatrium very short or absent, occasionally with paired preatrial processes near base of shaft; style with apical extension slender, elongate and tapering, apical portion serrate in most species (Zhang et al., 2008).

distribution

Type locality. USA.

type_taxon

Type-species. Empoasca viridescens Walsh, 1862 (designated by Distant, 1908: 401).

description

Empoasca may be recognized by the following combination of characters: crown usually rounded or subangulate; ocelli distinct; tegmina with four apical cells; wings with a single apical cell; the last ventral segment of female and the external and internal male genitalia are usually diagnostic. This is a genus with a large number of species which are small or very small, usually plain green, greenish, or golden yellow in color. Only the species in the Nearctic and Palearctic faunas have been extensively studied and very few species have been reported previously from the Pacific islands.

Empoasca

Empoasca (Empoasca Walsh):

Empoasca (Empoasca) affinis Nast, 1937 — China (Xinjiang), India, Poland, Bavaria, Frisian Islands.

Empoasca (Empoasca) albipennis Dworakowska, 1977 — China (Yunnan), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Empoasca) alinka Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Hainan), India.

Empoasca (Empoasca) altaica Vilbaste, 1965 — China (Henan), Russia, Mongolia, Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) amasa Dworakowska, 1984 — China (Hainan, Yunnan), Malaysia.

Empoasca (Empoasca) ariadnae Dworakowska, 1968 — China (Shaanxi, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) cisiana Dworakowska, 1971 — China (Guangdong).

Empoasca (Empoasca) dendritica Liu & Qin, 2011 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) fabae (Harris, 1841) — China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi), North America, South America.

Empoasca (Empoasca) flavescens (Fabricius, 1794) — China (Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Tibet), Russia, Korea, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Europe, North America.

Empoasca (Empoasca) fletcheri Dworakowska, 1984 — China (Hainan), Malaysia, Burma.

Empoasca (Empoasca) furcata Vilbaste, 1968 — China (Shaanxi), Japan, Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) gucia Dworakowska, 1977 — China (Hainan), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Empoasca) hiromichii (Matsumura, 1931) — China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu), Japan.

Empoasca (Empoasca) interrupta Dworakowska, 1976 — China (Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan), Indonesia.

Empoasca (Empoasca) jigongshana Cai & Shen, 1999 — China (Henan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) kaicola Dworakowska, 1982 — China (Henan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) kantipurensis Thapa, 1985 — China (Yunnan), Nepal.

Empoasca (Empoasca) kudlata Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Hainan), India.

Empoasca (Empoasca) limbifera (Matsumura, 1931) — China (Henan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Guizhou, Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Yunnan), Japan.

Empoasca (Empoasca) lipcowa Dworakowska, 1982 — China (Fujian).

Empoasca (Empoasca) longa Liu & Zhang, 2011 — China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangxi).

Empoasca (Empoasca) lutowa Dworakowska, 1971 — China (Shaanxi), Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) majowa Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Guangdong, Yunnan), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Empoasca) matsudai Dworakowska, 1972 — China (Henan), Japan, Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) megalophylla Liu & Qin, 2011 — China (Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hainan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) mochidai Dworakowska, 1972 — China (Jiangsu), Japan.

Empoasca (Empoasca) mona Dworakowska, 1994 — China (Yunnan), India (Sikkim).

Empoasca (Empoasca) motti Singh Pruthi, 1940 — China (Yunnan), India, Nepal.

Empoasca (Empoasca) paragucia Liu & Fletcher, 2011 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) paraparvipenis Zhang and Liu, 2008 — China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) parvipenis Dworakowska, 1994 — China (Yunnan), India (Sikkim).

Empoasca (Empoasca) polyprocessa Liu & Fletcher, 2011 — China (Fujian, Hunan, Hainan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) profusa Ahmed & Samad, 1972 — China (Hainan), Pakistan.

Empoasca (Empoasca) reducta Dworakowska, 1976 — China (Taiwan), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Empoasca) rybiogon Dworakowska, 1971 — China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu), Korea.

Empoasca (Empoasca) shokella (Matsumura, 1931) — China (Taiwan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) simbava Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Yunnan), India.

Empoasca (Empoasca) spirosa Dworakowska & Viraktamath, 1979 — China (Hainan), India, Sri Lanka.

Empoasca (Empoasca) tanova Dworakowska, 1980 — China (Yunnan, Guangdong), India.

Empoasca (Empoasca) todo (Matsumura, 1931) — China (Guizhou), Japan, Russia.

Empoasca (Empoasca) undulata Liu & Zhang, 2011 — China (Hunan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) uniprossicae Sohi, 1977 — China (Sichuan), India.

Empoasca (Empoasca) vickiae Liu & Fletcher, 2011 — China (Hainan).

Empoasca (Empoasca) vietnamica Dworakowska, 1972 — China (Guangdong), Vitenam

Empoasca (Empoasca) vitis (Goethe, 1875) — China (Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunan, Guizhou, Hainan), Japan.

Empoasca (Empoasca) yanhuang Kuoh, 1981 — China (Tibet).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca Anufriev):

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) biloba Qin & Zhang, 2008 — China (Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) biprocessa Qin & Liu, 2011 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) clypealata Qin & Zhang, 2008 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) dentalis Qin & Liu, 2011 — China (Hunan).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) diversa Vilbaste, 1968 — China (Liaoning), Soviet Maritime Territory, Korea.

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda, 1952 — China (Zhejiang, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan, Henan, Gansu, Hebei), Japan, Vietnam.

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) parvifacia Dworakowska, 1994 — China (Shaanxi, Yunnan), India (Sikkim).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) quadrialata Qin & Zhang, 2008 — China (Sichuan, Yunnan).

Empoasca (Matsumurasca) spinalis Qin & Liu, 2011 — China (Henan).

Empoasca

Empoasca (Distantasca Dworakowska):

Empoasca (Distantasca) atika Dworakowska, 1982 — China (Hunan), Japan.

Empoasca (Distantasca) bulbosa Dworakowska, 1994 — China (Hunan, Fujian), Sikkim.

Empoasca (Distantasca) faciata (Dworakowska, 1972) — China (Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan, Guizhou), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Distantasca) latava Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Yunnan, Hainan), India.

Empoasca (Distantasca) latibasis Zhang & Liu, 2010 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Distantasca) paraterminalis Qin & Zhang, 2007 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Distantasca) riora Dworakowska, 1977 — China (Yunnan), Vietnam.

Empoasca (Distantasca) rokasa Dworakowska, 1981 — China (Hunan, Yunnan), Nepal.

Empoasca (Distantasca) serratipenis Qin & Zhang, 2007 — China (Yunnan).

Empoasca (Distantasca) terminalis Distant, 1918 — China (Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan), India, Micronesia.

Empoasca (Distantasca) tiaca Dworakowska, 1994 — China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan), Sikkim.

Empoasca (Distantasca) tna Dworakowska, 1980 — China (Guangdong, Yunnan), India (West Bengal).

Empoasca (Distantasca) tuberculata Zhang & Liu, 2010 — China (Yunnan).

diagnosis

Diagnosis. Species of Empoasca may be distinguished from other Empoascini by the following combination of features: head in anterior view <2 X taller than greatest width, lateral frontal sutures extended well dorsad of antennal pits but not to midline, ocelli well separated from eyes; crown in dorsal view with anterior and posterior margins subparallel or with anterior margin somewhat more produced, width between eyes greater than eye width, posterior margin of eye extended to posterior head margin, coronal suture not extended to crown apex; forewing with veins ScR separate from M basad of RA, inner apical cell distinctly tapered distally; hind wing vein CuA completely confluent with MP (only one large closed apical cell present); hind tibia row AV with 6 or fewer macrosetae; male pygofer lobe separated from base dorsally by membranous cleft, macrosetae absent, ventral appendage usually present; subgenital plate with or without lateral basal lamella, apex bent dorsad and compressed distally, extended beyond pygofer apex, group C macrosetae multiseriate basally and uniseriate distally, group B well differentiated, group A usually differentiated from group B, group D setae evenly distributed; connective triangular or trapezoidal, stem very short or absent, median anterior lobe absent; style usually simple without distinct preapical lobe, apex tapered, curved laterad, and bearing several small teeth, preapical setae sparse or absent; aedeagus with preatrium well developed, with or without processes, dorsal apodeme absent or poorly developed; anal tube usually with well-developed (rarely reduced and lobelike) pair of basolateral hook-like processes (anal hooks) extended ventromesad of pygofer lobe. Notes. Empoasca, by far the most speciose genus of Empoascini, is presently poorly defined and doubtfully monophyletic. Previous authors have recognized distinctive groups of species within the genus and some of these were subsequently placed in separate genera or subgenera, but much more work, including phylogenetic analysis and improved documentation of tropical faunas will be needed before a more stable classification is possible. DeLong (1931) placed the North American species into four subgenera, one of which (Idona) was subsequently transferred to tribe Dikranaeurini (Young 1952), but subsequent New World workers (including DeLong in his later papers) did not recognize subgenera. The present definition of the genus excludes Kybos Fieber and Distantasca Dworakowska, treated variously by recent authors either as subgenera of Empoasca or as separate genera (cf. Dworakowska 1972, Dworakowska & Viraktamath 1975, Dworakowska 1976, Oman, et al. 1990, Muehlethaler, et al. 2009). Species of Kybos, distributed largely in the Holarctic region, are readily distinguished by the conspicuous tuft of elongate setae on a thickened preapical section of the male style and by their larger size and usually short, broad head. Species of Distantasca, apparently restricted to the eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions, differ from Empoasca in having two conspicuous tufts of very long, fine setae on the male subgenital plate. Solanasca Ghauri (new synonym) and Asymmetrasca Dlabola were originally established for two complexes of closely related species from the New and Old Worlds, respectively. Species in both groups agree substantially with the diagnosis of Empoasca given above, differing from E. fabae only in a few details of the male genitalia. Therefore, these two taxa are here treated as synonyms of Empoasca. Although many recent authors, mostly in non-taxonomic papers, have continued to recognize Asymmetrasca as a valid genus, we follow Dworakowska (1971) in treating this taxon as a junior synonym of Empoasca. Most species of Empoasca (sensu stricto) appear to be restricted to the New World. Moderately speciose faunas are also known to occur in tropical Africa and Asia but relatively few species of Empoasca (s. s.) are recorded from the Palaearctic region.

materials_examined

Type species E. viridescens Walsh (a synonym of Tettigonia fabae Harris) Synonyms: Asymmetrasca Dlabola 1958: 51; Dworakowska 1971: 275 Sabourasca Ramakrishnan & Menon 1972: 183; Dworakowska 1977: 283 Solanasca Ghauri 1974: 425, new synonym

Empoasca

Key to the worldwide species of Empoasca (Distantasca) (males)

1 Aedeagal shaft with appendages................................................................................................................................... 2

- Aedeagal shaft without appendages............................................................................................................................ 13

2 Aedeagal shaft with two pairs of appendages............................................................................................................... 3

- Aedeagal shaft with one pair of appendages................................................................................................................ 4

3 Anal tube appendages with large subapical tooth (Fig. 145)................................ E. (D.) paraterminalis Qin & Zhang

- Anal tube appendages without large subapical tooth (Figs. 4, 5)......................................... E. (D.) terminalis Distant

4 Aedeagal shaft with pair of short appendages.............................................................................................................. 5

- Aedeagal shaft with pair of long appendages............................................................................................................... 7

5 Anal tube appendages ornamented with small teeth apically (Fig. 61)............................ E. (D.) latava Dworakowska

- Anal tube appendages without small teeth................................................................................................................... 6

6 Anal tube appendages with large subapical tooth (Figs. 136, 137)....................... E. (D.) latibasis Zhang & Liu sp. n.

- Anal tube appendages smooth, without large tooth (Fig. 154).................................. E. (D.) serratipenis Qin & Zhang

7 Aedeagal shaft appendages ornamented with small teeth apically (Figs. 121, 122)............................................................................................................................................................................... E. (D.) tuberculata Zhang & Liu sp. n.

- Aedeagal shaft appendages without small teeth apically.............................................................................................. 8

8 Aedeagal shaft and appendages equally broad in profile (Figs. 20, 22).......................... E. (D.) faciata Dworakowska

- Aedeagal shaft broader than its appendages in profile................................................................................................. 9

9 Aedeagal shaft with a pair of small lateral extensions consisting of small tubercles (Figs. 49, 50)....................................................................................................................................................................... E. (D.) rabava Dworakowska

- Aedeagal shaft without a pair of small lateral extensions.......................................................................................... 10

10 Anal tube appendages with large subapical tooth (Fig. 27)................................................ E. (D.) riora Dworakowska

- Anal tube appendages without large tooth.................................................................................................................. 11

11 Anal tube appendages smooth, without small teeth (Figs. 110, 111)............................. E. (D.) bulbosa Dworakowska

- Anal tube appendages not smooth, with small teeth (Figs. 41, 42, 55)...................................................................... 12

12 Aedeagus appendages curved mesad at about 1 / 3 of their length from tip (Figs. 43, 45)..... E. (D.) tna Dworakowska

- Aedeagus appendages not curved strongly mesad (Fig. 56)........................................... E. (D.) barawa Dworakowska

13 Aedeagal shaft with lamellate lateral extensions at ventral margin (Figs. 75, 78).......... E. (D.) rokasa Dworakowska

- Aedeagal shaft without lamellate lateral extensions................................................................................................... 14

14 Aedeagal shaft strongly expanded ventrad in profile (Figs. 100, 102), anal tube appendages finely serrated at mar- gins...................................................................................................................................... E. (D.) tiaca Dworakowska

- Aedeagal shaft only slightly expanded in profile (Figs. 86, 88), anal tube appendages smooth............................................................................................................................................................................... E. (D.) atika Dworakowska

Name

Homonyms: Empoasca Walsh, 1862; Empoasca (Livasca Dworakowska & Viraktamath) Livasca Dworakowska & Viraktamath

Bibliographic References

CoL2006
Fauna Europaea (1899-12-31 23:00:00) http://www.faunaeur.org
Neave, S. A. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library].
Neave, S. A. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library].
Prairie Farmer, (N. S.) 10, pp. 147-149 (reprinted in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1864, 314, 316).
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/.
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/.
as per family