Therates Latreille 1817
- Dataset
- The chennelli group of the Genus Therates Latreille (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) 114. Contribution towards the knowledge of Cicindelidae
- Rank
- GENUS
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Arthropoda
- class
- Insecta
- order
- Coleoptera
- family
- Carabidae
- genus
- Therates
biology_ecology
Natural History. Knowledge about the natural history of these species is limited, however, it appears that most, if not all, of these species are found exclusively within the forest in shady and moist areas (Naviaux and Pinratana 2004: 62). Adults occur primarily on leaves of undergrowth shrubs, much like species of Collyris, watching for their prey. They are extremely shy and their flight is powerful. Sometimes, after flying away, they return to land on the same leaf.
description
Characters. For the adult specimens of the chennelli group a standard description protocol was followed (Figure 1): body length, excluding labrum (4.8 mm- 11.2 mm); general ground color shining black or greenish black or violet black, pronotum and parts of head in some species reddish. Mandibles yellowish, brownish distally in females, teeth brownish marginally. Labrum mostly as wide as long, yellowish, with dark margin or blackish, lacking basal tooth, with five to seven apical teeth and one lateral tooth. Labial and maxillary palpi completely yellowish or darker distally. Antennae long, medium size or short, slender or lanceolate, distal two antennomeres of male enlarged in some species, scape with a single apical bristle, antennomeres 2 to 5 glabrous, antennomeres 6 to 11 finely and evenly pubescent; scape yellowish above, black on underside, all the other antennomeres brownish or blackish. Clypeus glabrous. Frons smooth with two shallow bumps or a furrow in the posterior part of the orbital plates. Eyes large, prominent. Pronotum glabrous and rounded, generally as wide as long, constricted in front and at back, transverse furrows strong, middle line and lateral lines nearly obsolete, middle line often with several transverse short branches. Scutellum triangular and obvious. Flight wings always present. Elytra with basal and apical hump. distinctly punctate in frons, shallower or absent in the apical part. Elytral apex with or without rounded or angular lateral corner and with angular sutural corner or sutural tooth, recurved or straight between them. Maculations bright and variable in size and shape. including a short, long or broken humeral lunule, a basal dot, that is sometimes absent, a central dot of characteristic shape (e. g. subsquare, fascia like, acutely angled inwards toward the suture, acutely angled outwards toward the front), and an apical dot that may be absent or with an apex that is transparent brownish or yellowish. A central band, if present, is not oriented outward at its anterior end. All or some maculae may connect with others. Mesoepisterna with or without grooves and pits. Elytral epipleura distinct. Ventral body brownish or black, ventrites dark, sometimes brownish marginally. Legs yellowish, femora, tibiae and tarsomeres sometimes darker distally. Legs of females darker as a whole in some species, Metatibiae of females bicolored in some species. Femora nearly glabrous; tibiae sparsely setose, tarsi somewhat more thickly setose; tarsomeres 1 to 4 of males are slightly widened and thickly setose. Length of the aedeagus 1.3 to 2.3 mm, shape straight or curved, with various distinct shaped points distally. Larval forms of the chennelli group are undescribed.
discussion
Key to the Therates species groups (based on Wiesner 1988).
discussion
Key to the members of chennelli group In cases of doubt, comparision of the aedeagus with the figures in this paper may be helpful.
discussion
Nomenclatural note. The alternative spelling with one n used by several workers is incorrect. The name should properly be spelled with two n ’ s, as established by Bates (1878: 335).
discussion
Remarks. The specimens studied were also analyzed using numerical cladistics (Camin and Sokal 1965). Figure 2 lists the characters used together with the matrix of OTU’s (operational taxonomic units). Figure 3 shows the provisional tree resulting from the cladistic analysis of the species. I tentatively use the order, in which the species appear in the tree, to arrange them within this paper.
synonymic_list
List of the species of chennelli group One species is known from Nepal, eight from India, seven from Myanmar, 11 from Thailand, three from Malaysia, 21 from Laos, 13 from Vietnam, and three from China. At the time of its description (Werner 1991: 230), Therates hiermeieri was included in chennelli group, but later placed it close to the Th. fleutiauxi Horn, 1898 by Sawada and Wiesner (2003: 50). Th. hiermeieri, due to its basal tooth on the labrum, will key out in the identification key to Therates groups as belonging to coeruleus group. 1. montaneus Werner, 1992 China. 2. moraveci Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 3. pseudorugifer pseudorugifer Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 3 a. pseudorugifer pentalabiodentatus Matalin, 2001 China. 4. baolocensis Wiesner, 1996, new rank Vietnam. 5. apiceflavus Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 6. laotiensis Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 7. topali Mandl, 1972 Vietnam. 8. bannokcolus Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 9. circumscriptus Moravec and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 10. probsti Wiesner, 1988 Laos, Vietnam. 11. vietnamensis Wiesner, 1988 Vietnam. 12. concinnus Gestro, 1888 Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam. 13. bannapecolus Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 14. major Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand. 15. annandalei Horn, 1908 India. 16. nepalensis Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Nepal, India. 17. gestroi Horn, 1900 Laos, Vietnam. 18. dembickyi Sawada and Wiesner, 2002 Laos. 19. kraatzi Horn, 1900 Thailand, Malaysia. 20. similis Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand. 21. pearsoni new species Vietnam. 22. myanmarensis Wiesner, 1999 Myanmar. 23. confluens Wiesner, 1988 Malaysia, Vietnam. 24. pacholatkoi Sawada and Wiesner, 2004 Laos. 25. pseudoconfluens Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos, China. 26. pseudochenelli pseudochenelli Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand, Malaysia. 26 a. pseudochenelli rufus Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand. 27. safraneki new species Laos. 28. nagaii Sawada and Wiesner, 2000 Myanmar. 29. schuelei new species Vietnam. 30. rugifer Horn, 1902 Vietnam. 31. phongsalyensis Sawada and Wiesner, 2004 Laos. 32. namthacolus Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 33. sigridgeissleri new species Laos. 34. tonkinensis Horn, 1902 Vietnam. 35. jendeki Sawada and Wiesner, 1997 India. 36. csorbai Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 37. apicenigrus Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 38. rihai Moravec and Wiesner, 2001 Thailand. 39. chennelli Bates, 1878 Myanmar. 40. pseudoprobsti Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand. 41. arunachalcolus Sawada and Wiesner, 2006 India. 42. ingridae Sawada and Wiesner, 2006 India. 43. nigromarginalis Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Myanmar, Thailand. 44. murzini Wiesner, 1999 Myanmar. 45. haucki Moravec and Wiesner, 2001 Thailand, Laos, Vietnam. 46. sausai Sawada and Wiesner, 1997 India. 47. miyamai Sawada and Wiesner, 2000 Myanmar. 48. dohertyi Horn, 1905 India. 49. ottomerkli Wiesner, 1999 Laos. 50. clavicornis Horn, 1902 Vietnam. 51. rogeri Probst and Wiesner, 1994 Thailand. 52. khaoyaii new species Thailand. 53. waagenorum Horn, 1900 India.
Name
- Homonyms
- Therates Latreille 1817
- Therates