Papilio Linnaeus, 1758

Dataset
GBIF Backbone Taxonomy: Rank
GENUS: Published in
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.

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Classification

kingdom
Animalia: phylum
Arthropoda: class
Insecta: order
Lepidoptera: family
Papilionidae: genus
Papilio

Papilio Linnaeus 1758

Papilio [gen. nov.]

Antennae apicem versus crassiores, saepius clavato-capitatae.

Alae (sedentis) erectae, sursumque conniventes (volatu diurno).

Papilio Linnaeus 1758

[Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804]

(Samml. europ. Schmett., Pl. Pap. 113, Figs 582, 583; text: [1806] 1: 64, no. 12) LT: Italy. TD: (female holotype by monotypy) lost.

a) The name [Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804] (see Hemming 1937) was published on Pl. 113 of Papiliones, as caption to Figs 582 and 583. In the (very partial) text of the ‘Sammlung’, which appeared only in [1805-6], we are informed (p. 65) that the depicted specimen came from ‘Italien’ and was preserved under the name “Ausonia” in Abbot Mazzola’s collection. Together with Schiffermüller’s collection and many other materials, Ab. Vincenz Mazzola’s collection, bequeathed to the Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna), was destroyed in the October 1848 bombardment of the centre of Vienna and ensuing fire (see Horn et al. 1990: 256).

[Note. Hübner ([1806: 64-65]) in his text referred to Figs 416 and 582-583 as belonging to ausonia, Fig. 416 representing the male, Figs. 582-583 the female. However, only Figs 582-583 can be attributed to ausonia, since for Fig. 416 Hübner had previously used (in [1800]) the name “belia” in the caption of Pl. Pap 83. The latter specimen must be regarded as a syntype of Euchloe esperiKirby, 1871 (see below)].

b) Since the taxonomic interpretation of Hübner’s pictures is far from being unequivocal, because differences between adults of the 1 st and 2 nd generation of both the eastern and the western ‘dappled whites’ are strong, and since truly diagnostic species-specific differences are found only in the preimaginal stages (see Back 1979) and in DNA COI sequences (see Back et al. 2011), this name was taken to represent each of the already mentioned taxa, at various taxonomic ranks, depending on authors. More precisely, the name [Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804] was applied either i) to the ‘western dappled white’ (Ochsenheimer 1808, Staudinger 1901, etc.), or ii) to the ‘mountain dappled white’ (Kirby 1871, Rothschild 1914, Oberthür 1914, Hemming 1931, Bernardi 1945, 1947, Forster & Wohlfart 1955, Higgins 1975, 1980), or finally iii) to the ‘eastern dappled white’ (Verity 1923, 1947).

Summarising, it is exclusively on the subjective interpretation of Hübner’s figures and on the derivation of its name from the land where the ancient people of the Ausoni used to live, i.e. in central and southern Italy, that [Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804] is now considered the correct name to identify the butterfly colloquially known as the ‘eastern dappled white’.

Name

Synonyms: Eques Kirby, 1896; Eques Linnaeus, 1758; Heliconius Linnaeus, 1758; Nymphalis Linnaeus, 1758; Papileo Berkenhout, 1795; Papillon Roger, 1826; Papipio Linnaeus, 1764; Papirio Billberg, 1820; Plebejus Linnaeus, 1767
Homonyms: Papilio Linnaeus, 1758
Common names: Papilio in Danish; swallowtails in English

Bibliographic References

CoL2006
Fjärilar (Ragnar Hall) (2004-03-08 00:00:00) [Titel saknas]
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 278 Addition to the Ojficial List of Generic Names in Zoology of the names of ten genera of the Sub-order Rhopalocera of the order Lepidoptera (class Insecta), species of which were cited in the Undated leaflet commonly known as the Tentamen, prepared by Jacob Hübner, which is believed to have been distributed to Correspondents in 1806, a leaflet rejected in Opinion 97.Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 6(10), 135-178 (1954)
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.
Neave, S. A. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library].
Neave, S. A. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library].
Pelham, Jonathan P., 2008: A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, vol. 40. xiv + 658.
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/.
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/.
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