Global Lepidoptera Index
Citation
Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index. In O. Bánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, D. R. Hernández Robles, C. A. Plata Corredor, T. Stjernegaard Jeppesen, A. Örn, L. Vandepitte, D. Hobern, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, K. Ma, J. Miller, T. Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, R. Adlard, C. Aedo, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist (1.1.24.077). https://doi.org/10.48580/dfz6w-49xkDescription
Global Lepidoptera Index is a revised dataset based on the Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex), a digitised and updated version of the unique index card archive to the scientific names of the living and fossil butterflies and moths of the world at the Natural History Museum (London). This card index was produced by the museum’s lepidopterists over many decades and contained 15,578 genus and 157,474 species names for Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), together with synonyms, misspellings and misidentifications. Updates to LepIndex, the digitised version of this dataset, ended in 2012. Large sections of the dataset are outdated and contain errors or inaccuracies (particularly relating to changes in higher classification and incomplete data on historical combinations for each epithet), but the size of the Lepidoptera makes it challenging to find and correct all these issues. LepIndex has now been imported into TaxonWorks and is maintained there as an online curated resource. Significant updates have been made to some families, and work will continue to improve all aspects of this important dataset. Taxonomists working with any Lepidoptera groups are encouraged to make contributions to improve the quality and completeness of the dataset. Please contact Donald Hobern (donald.hobern@sp2000.org) for more information. The Global Lepidoptera Index is not at present actively maintained for the following Lepidoptera groups since these are maintained in other public datasets: * Hepialidae: A Revised World Catalogue of Ghost Moths * Nepticulidae, Opostegidae: Nepticulidae and Opostegidae of the World * Tineidae: Global taxonomic database of Tineidae (Lepidoptera) * Gracillariidae: Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae * Gelechiidae: Catalogue of World Gelechiidae * Alucitidae: Catalogue of the Alucitoidea of the World * Pterophoridae, Macropiratidae: Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World * Tortricidae: World Catalogue of the Tortricidae * Sesiidae: Checklist of the Sesiidae of the world * Papilionidae, Pieridae: Global Butterfly Information System Significant improvements have been made to the following taxonomic groups within the Global Lepidoptera Index: * Agathiphagoidea: Agathiphagidae * Heterobathmioidea: Heterobathmiidae * Neopseustoidea: Acanthopteroctetidae, Aenigmatineidae, Neopseustidae * Lophocoronoidea: Lophocoronidae * Hepialoidea: Anomosetidae, Mnesarchaeidae, Neotheoridae, Palaeosetidae, Prototheoridae * Tischeroidea: Tischeriidae * Tineoidea: Psychidae * Yponomeutoidea: Argyresthiidae, Attevidae, Praydidae, Scythropiidae, Tonzidae, Yponomeutidae * Simaethistoidea: Simaethistidae * Gelechioidea: Autostichidae, Elachistinae (Elachistidae), Lecithoceridae * Drepanoidea: Thyatiridae * Geometroidea: Pseudobistonidae * Noctuoidea: Oenosandridae, Scranciidae, Notodontidae, Lithosiini (Erebidae: Arctiinae), Micronoctuini (Erebidae: Hypenodinae) Summary statistics The following statistics indicate progress towards cleaning the Global Lepidoptera Index. For each taxon, counts are based on all accepted and synonymised names at genus rank or lower. Columns are as follows: * Names is the count of scientific names included within the taxon. * Species is the count of accepted species included within the taxon. * Mean year is the arithmetic mean of the publication years for scientific names within the taxon - a higher value may mean that more recent taxonomic work has been included. * Synonyms is the percentage of scientific names that are identified as synonyms or alternative combinations for an accepted species - a higher value may mean that more taxonomic revisionary work has been included. * Modified is the percentage of scientific names that have been added or modified since data were imported from the historical LepIndex dataset - higher values indicate more work on the family within the Global Lepidoptera Index. * Citation is the percentage of scientific names that are associated with a publication reference - higher values indicate a greater confidence that the names have been reviewed. Bold taxon names highlight groups which have been significantly edited in the Global Lepidoptera Index. Italicised taxon names indicate groups which are not actively maintained in this dataset. Bold values for percentages indicate that the value is more than one standard deviation above the mean. | Family | Names | Species | Mean year | Synonyms | Modified | Citation | | --- | ---: | ---: | :---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | Micropterigoidea: Micropterigidae | 256 | 144 | 1925 | 34.4% | 16.8% | 25.4% | | Agathiphagoidea: Agathiphagidae | 5 | 3 | 1980 | 0.0% | 60.0% | 100.0% | | Heterobathmioidea: Heterobathmiidae | 5 | 3 | 1997 | 0.0% | 40.0% | 80.0% | | Eriocranioidea: Eriocraniidae | 57 | 27 | 1907 | 36.8% | 0.0% | 45.6% | | Neopseustoidea: Acanthopteroctetidae | 9 | 7 | 1975 | 0.0% | 66.7% | 100.0% | | Neopseustoidea: Aenigmatineidae | 2 | 1 | 2015 | 0.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | | Neopseustoidea: Neopseustidae | 24 | 16 | 1969 | 16.7% | 33.3% | 70.8% | | Lophocoronoidea: Lophocoronidae | 15 | 13 | 2003 | 0.0% | 73.3% | 100.0% | | Hepialoidea: Anomosetidae | 3 | 1 | 1916 | 33.3% | 33.3% | 66.7% | | Hepialoidea: [Hepialidae] | 1452 | 615 | 1919 | 52.5% | 4.3% | 20.8% | | Hepialoidea: Mnesarchaeidae | 22 | 14 | 1941 | 27.3% | 81.8% | 95.5% | | Hepialoidea: Neotheoridae | 2 | 1 | 1978 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | | Hepialoidea: Palaeosetidae | 15 | 10 | 1941 | 6.7% | 40.0% | 66.7% | | Hepialoidea: Prototheoridae | 17 | 12 | 1943 | 23.5% | 11.8% | 29.4% | | Nepticuloidea: [Nepticulidae] | 1234 | 777 | 1930 | 33.3% | 3.6% | 5.3% | | Nepticuloidea: Opostegidae | 259 | 203 | 1950 | 17.8% | 0.0% | 6.6% | | Andesianoidea: Andesianidae | 4 | 3 | 1988 | 0.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | | Adeloidea: Adelidae | 714 | 407 | 1912 | 41.7% | 28.9% | 21.3% | | Adeloidea: Cecidosidae | 29 | 14 | 1928 | 37.9% | 20.7% | 89.7% | | Adeloidea: Heliozelidae | 169 | 121 | 1906 | 21.9% | 3.0% | 22.5% | | Adeloidea: Incurvariidae | 168 | 89 | 1891 | 39.9% | 10.7% | 15.5% | | Adeloidea: Prodoxidae | 58 | 30 | 1901 | 32.8% | 0.0% | 48.3% | | Adeloidea: Tridentaformidae | 3 | 1 | 1941 | 33.3% | 33.3% | 100.0% | | Tischerioidea: Tischeriidae | 328 | 186 | 1956 | 39.9% | 90.5% | 42.7% | | Palaephatoidea: Palaephatidae | 58 | 39 | 1950 | 17.2% | 0.0% | 32.8% | | Tineoidea: Dryadaulidae | 85 | 40 | 1921 | 49.4% | 1.2% | 34.1% | | Tineoidea: Eriocottidae | 172 | 82 | 1909 | 45.9% | 9.9% | 28.5% | | Tineoidea: Meessiidae | 502 | 259 | 1929 | 40.4% | 4.0% | 37.3% | | Tineoidea: Psychidae | 3473 | 1459 | 1915 | 49.2% | 64.2% | 24.5% | | Tineoidea: [Tineidae] | 4385 | 2372 | 1917 | 37.4% | 0.8% | 29.0% | | Tineoidea: Unplaced to family | 3 | 1 | 1853 | 66.7% | 100.0% | 0.0% | | Gracillarioidea: Bucculatricidae | 312 | 272 | 1926 | 12.2% | 16.7% | 12.2% | | Gracillarioidea: Douglasiidae | 55 | 32 | 1909 | 36.4% | 14.5% | 29.1% | | Gracillarioidea: [Gracillariidae] | 2599 | 1743 | 1916 | 29.3% | 0.6% | 9.1% | | Gracillarioidea: Roeslerstammiidae | 77 | 53 | 1911 | 13.0% | 0.0% | 48.1% | | Yponomeutoidea: Argyresthiidae | 387 | 217 | 1926 | 42.9% | 60.7% | 45.2% | | Yponomeutoidea: Attevidae | 105 | 50 | 1888 | 51.4% | 14.3% | 29.5% | | Yponomeutoidea: Bedelliidae | 25 | 16 | 1913 | 32.0% | 0.0% | 16.0% | | Yponomeutoidea: Glyphipterigidae | 769 | 486 | 1918 | 32.8% | 10.8% | 14.3% | | Yponomeutoidea: Heliodinidae | 179 | 118 | 1914 | 5.0% | 0.0% | 63.1% | | Yponomeutoidea: Lyonetiidae | 333 | 196 | 1910 | 31.8% | 36.3% | 28.5% | | Yponomeutoidea: Plutellidae | 294 | 161 | 1915 | 26.5% | 12.2% | 46.6% | | Yponomeutoidea: Praydidae | 100 | 67 | 1925 | 29.0% | 61.0% | 59.0% | | Yponomeutoidea: Scythropiidae | 7 | 1 | 1804 | 71.4% | 42.9% | 42.9% | | Yponomeutoidea: Tonzidae | 5 | 4 | 1913 | 0.0% | 40.0% | 60.0% | | Yponomeutoidea: Yponomeutidae | 631 | 331 | 1922 | 43.3% | 47.2% | 40.6% | | Yponomeutoidea: Ypsolophidae | 283 | 145 | 1887 | 46.6% | 83.4% | 13.4% | | Yponomeutoidea: Unplaced to family | 124 | 63 | 1925 | 11.3% | 46.8% | 83.9% | | Urodoidea: Urodidae | 83 | 63 | 1904 | 18.1% | 2.4% | 26.5% | | Urodoidea: Ustyurtiidae | 3 | 2 | 2020 | 0.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | | Simaethistoidea: Simaethistidae | 8 | 4 | 1891 | 25.0% | 0.0% | 62.5% | | Schreckensteinioidea: Schreckensteiniidae | 24 | 13 | 1899 | 25.0% | 4.2% | 50.0% | | Choreutoidea: Choreutidae | 571 | 361 | 1910 | 33.5% | 4.0% | 14.9% | | Immoidea: Immidae | 328 | 239 | 1913 | 23.5% | 1.2% | 19.5% | | Galacticoidea: Galacticidae | 36 | 18 | 1925 | 41.7% | 5.6% | 50.0% | | Tortricoidea: [Tortricidae] | 19535 | 9480 | 1922 | 45.3% | 8.8% | 16.6% | | Tortricoidea: Unplaced to family | 19 | 10 | 1897 | 26.3% | 0.0% | 52.6% | | Zygaenoidea: Aididae | 18 | 6 | 1877 | 55.6% | 0.0% | 38.9% | | Zygaenoidea: Cyclotornidae | 6 | 5 | 1912 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 33.3% | | Zygaenoidea: Dalceridae | 113 | 79 | 1905 | 16.8% | 0.0% | 35.4% | | Zygaenoidea: Epipyropidae | 54 | 26 | 1916 | 37.0% | 0.0% | 35.2% | | Zygaenoidea: Heterogynidae | 26 | 7 | 1871 | 65.4% | 0.0% | 23.1% | | Zygaenoidea: Himantopteridae | 153 | 101 | 1914 | 22.2% | 2.0% | 17.0% | | Zygaenoidea: Lacturidae | 250 | 154 | 1909 | 32.8% | 51.6% | 29.6% | | Zygaenoidea: Limacodidae | 3331 | 1768 | 1920 | 34.9% | 28.7% | 38.4% | | Zygaenoidea: Megalopygidae | 559 | 261 | 1904 | 47.4% | 16.1% | 27.7% | | Zygaenoidea: Phaudidae | 50 | 27 | 1897 | 32.0% | 0.0% | 36.0% | | Zygaenoidea: Somabrachyidae | 42 | 30 | 1902 | 19.0% | 4.8% | 19.0% | | Zygaenoidea: Zygaenidae | 5640 | 1083 | 1918 | 63.2% | 2.2% | 11.5% | | Cossoidea: Brachodidae | 166 | 102 | 1896 | 31.3% | 0.0% | 27.1% | | Cossoidea: Castniidae | 624 | 200 | 1887 | 56.6% | 7.9% | 18.3% | | Cossoidea: Cossidae | 1788 | 1130 | 1931 | 24.4% | 2.6% | 19.1% | | Cossoidea: Dudgeoneidae | 32 | 15 | 1935 | 46.9% | 50.0% | 50.0% | | Cossoidea: Metarbelidae | 283 | 223 | 1941 | 12.7% | 29.7% | 42.4% | | Cossoidea: Ratardidae | 15 | 11 | 1917 | 6.7% | 0.0% | 40.0% | | Cossoidea: [Sesiidae] | 2474 | 1158 | 1902 | 46.2% | 3.4% | 18.7% | | Gelechioidea: Ashinagidae | 26 | 20 | 1930 | 7.7% | 15.4% | 30.8% | | Gelechioidea: Autostichidae | 1613 | 951 | 1950 | 35.0% | 62.2% | 52.9% | | Gelechioidea: Batrachedridae | 147 | 121 | 1918 | 15.6% | 4.8% | 9.5% | | Gelechioidea: Blastobasidae | 620 | 444 | 1935 | 23.5% | 34.0% | 39.4% | | Gelechioidea: Coleophoridae | 1724 | 1149 | 1928 | 31.8% | 8.6% | 20.2% | | Gelechioidea: Cosmopterigidae | 2424 | 1588 | 1919 | 28.2% | 19.8% | 17.8% | | Gelechioidea: Depressariidae | 3258 | 2370 | 1909 | 22.3% | 6.7% | 14.8% | | Gelechioidea: Elachistidae | 1689 | 1054 | 1939 | 34.5% | 61.6% | 48.7% | | Gelechioidea: Elachistidae: Elachistinae | 1267 | 818 | 1948 | 34.2% | 70.5% | 53.5% | | Gelechioidea: Epimarptidae | 15 | 9 | 1900 | 26.7% | 13.3% | 53.3% | | Gelechioidea: Ethmiidae | 463 | 307 | 1925 | 27.2% | 3.5% | 13.2% | | Gelechioidea: [Gelechiidae] | 8950 | 4754 | 1915 | 40.7% | 6.2% | 20.4% | | Gelechioidea: Lecithoceridae | 2178 | 1525 | 1958 | 23.6% | 57.3% | 56.7% | | Gelechioidea: Lypusidae | 118 | 38 | 1905 | 60.2% | 84.7% | 39.0% | | Gelechioidea: Momphidae | 256 | 140 | 1910 | 41.4% | 4.7% | 16.0% | | Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae | 5712 | 3144 | 1913 | 35.9% | 16.7% | 23.6% | | Gelechioidea: Peleopodidae | 297 | 202 | 1917 | 27.9% | 23.6% | 19.2% | | Gelechioidea: Pterolonchidae | 27 | 16 | 1904 | 22.2% | 25.9% | 44.4% | | Gelechioidea: Schistonoeidae | 3 | 1 | 1908 | 33.3% | 33.3% | 100.0% | | Gelechioidea: Scythrididae | 895 | 548 | 1913 | 36.8% | 23.7% | 22.9% | | Gelechioidea: Stathmopodidae | 427 | 350 | 1921 | 11.9% | 4.9% | 20.4% | | Gelechioidea: Xyloryctidae | 916 | 549 | 1909 | 28.3% | 2.3% | 31.2% | | Gelechioidea: Unplaced to family | 52 | 28 | 1929 | 30.8% | 67.3% | 34.6% | | Whalleyanoidea: Whalleyanidae | 3 | 2 | 1977 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 66.7% | | Thyridoidea: Thyrididae | 1700 | 818 | 1910 | 41.3% | 0.4% | 18.8% | | Hyblaeoidea: Hyblaeidae | 59 | 40 | 1885 | 27.1% | 0.0% | 16.9% | | Hyblaeoidea: Prodidactidae | 3 | 1 | 1919 | 33.3% | 0.0% | 100.0% | | Calliduloidea: Callidulidae | 130 | 54 | 1879 | 50.8% | 0.0% | 16.9% | | Alucitoidea: [Alucitidae] | 433 | 246 | 1936 | 38.1% | 76.2% | 83.1% | | Epermenioidea: Epermeniidae | 192 | 100 | 1915 | 41.1% | 12.0% | 28.1% | | Carposinoidea: Carposinidae | 395 | 295 | 1933 | 15.4% | 3.8% | 28.4% | | Carposinoidea: Copromorphidae | 92 | 59 | 1925 | 13.0% | 4.3% | 50.0% | | Pterophoroidea: [Pterophoridae] | 1577 | 1057 | 1918 | 27.9% | 5.3% | 14.5% | | Papilionoidea: Hedylidae | 59 | 33 | 1895 | 42.4% | 0.0% | 23.7% | | Papilionoidea: Hesperiidae | 13560 | 3454 | 1902 | 57.3% | 0.5% | 14.5% | | Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae | 19079 | 6010 | 1908 | 45.1% | 0.4% | 7.8% | | Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae | 38605 | 6343 | 1902 | 56.1% | 0.3% | 6.3% | | Papilionoidea: [Papilionidae] | 8286 | 626 | 1906 | 67.0% | 0.2% | 3.7% | | Papilionoidea: [Pieridae] | 8049 | 1147 | 1901 | 60.9% | 0.2% | 4.7% | | Papilionoidea: Riodinidae | 4615 | 1455 | 1887 | 47.5% | 0.6% | 10.2% | | Pyraloidea: Crambidae | 14903 | 9566 | 1906 | 26.9% | 0.7% | 19.3% | | Pyraloidea: Pyralidae | 10120 | 6038 | 1912 | 27.6% | 0.7% | 31.3% | | Mimallonoidea: Mimallonidae | 359 | 200 | 1906 | 36.2% | 0.0% | 21.7% | | Drepanoidea: Cimeliidae | 34 | 5 | 1922 | 52.9% | 0.0% | 20.6% | | Drepanoidea: Doidae | 10 | 7 | 1898 | 10.0% | 0.0% | 40.0% | | Drepanoidea: Drepanidae | 1263 | 529 | 1919 | 44.0% | 0.1% | 21.7% | | Drepanoidea: Thyatiridae | 933 | 255 | 1922 | 55.1% | 60.5% | 38.9% | | Lasiocampoidea: Lasiocampidae | 4654 | 1976 | 1917 | 47.4% | 2.6% | 14.2% | | Bombycoidea: Anthelidae | 280 | 97 | 1887 | 62.1% | 0.0% | 17.1% | | Bombycoidea: Apatelodidae | 194 | 142 | 1900 | 21.6% | 0.0% | 14.9% | | Bombycoidea: Bombycidae | 299 | 192 | 1906 | 24.4% | 0.3% | 25.1% | | Bombycoidea: Brahmaeidae | 151 | 70 | 1923 | 35.1% | 12.6% | 20.5% | | Bombycoidea: Carthaeidae | 2 | 1 | 1858 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | | Bombycoidea: Endromidae | 110 | 61 | 1951 | 22.7% | 3.6% | 23.6% | | Bombycoidea: Eupterotidae | 672 | 345 | 1906 | 36.0% | 0.3% | 21.3% | | Bombycoidea: Phiditiidae | 38 | 21 | 1886 | 34.2% | 0.0% | 42.1% | | Bombycoidea: Saturniidae | 4854 | 2571 | 1933 | 37.4% | 0.6% | 10.2% | | Bombycoidea: Sphingidae | 4244 | 1599 | 1908 | 48.4% | 0.1% | 16.1% | | Geometroidea: Epicopeiidae | 61 | 25 | 1899 | 42.6% | 0.0% | 31.1% | | Geometroidea: Geometridae | 55551 | 22468 | 1908 | 49.9% | 0.5% | 14.4% | | Geometroidea: Pseudobistonidae | 4 | 2 | 1930 | 0.0% | 75.0% | 100.0% | | Geometroidea: Sematuridae | 84 | 42 | 1877 | 42.9% | 0.0% | 26.2% | | Geometroidea: Uraniidae | 1079 | 725 | 1897 | 23.0% | 0.1% | 20.9% | | Noctuoidea: Erebidae | 42670 | 23371 | 1908 | 35.3% | 20.5% | 25.6% | | Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini | 9178 | 4487 | 1928 | 40.9% | 58.7% | 39.1% | | Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Hypenodinae: Micronoctuini | 539 | 334 | 2001 | 26.0% | 98.7% | 88.7% | | Noctuoidea: Euteliidae | 979 | 480 | 1907 | 46.5% | 0.3% | 15.6% | | Noctuoidea: Noctuidae | 31326 | 14883 | 1911 | 41.5% | 2.9% | 17.4% | | Noctuoidea: Nolidae | 3658 | 2040 | 1915 | 36.8% | 10.0% | 23.2% | | Noctuoidea: Notodontidae | 10569 | 4453 | 1924 | 44.9% | 46.2% | 32.8% | | Noctuoidea: Notodontidae: Dioptinae | 1057 | 467 | 1905 | 48.7% | 58.6% | 24.5% | | Noctuoidea: Oenosandridae | 28 | 8 | 1888 | 57.1% | 14.3% | 82.1% | | Noctuoidea: Scranciidae | 276 | 122 | 1945 | 43.8% | 84.1% | 31.5% | | Noctuoidea: Unplaced to family | 15 | 5 | 1904 | 66.7% | 100.0% | 0.0% | | ALL LEPIDOPTERA | 5 | 3 | 1905 | 40.0% | 40.0% | 0.0% | References The following publications have each contributed a significant number of updates to the Global Lepidoptera Index in years following 2021. In each case, at least 10 species names from the specified family were updated using the named publication in the specified year. 2024 * Adelidae * Kozlov, M.V. (2024) Fairy moths of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Zootaxa, 5423(1), 1–66. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5423.1.1 * Autostichidae * Wang, S. & Xu, Z. (2024) Taxonomy of the genus Periacma Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) from China, with a checklist of the world species. Zootaxa, 5399(2), 101–129. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5399.2.1 * Notodontidae * Abbot, J. & Smith, J.E. (1797) The natural history of the rarer Lepidopterous insects of Georgia, including their systematic characters, the particulars of their several metamorphoses and the plants on which they feed. Collected from the observations of John Abbot, many years resident. 2, 1–214, pls. 1–104. Available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/269151 * Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A.F. (1874) Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. 2(Abt.2). Available at https://archive.org/details/umdieerdeindenja03akad/page/n8/mode/1up?view=theater * Hübner (1819) Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge. * Kiriakoff (1962) Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique. 98. * Kiriakoff (1964) Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 14. * Kiriakoff (1967) Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 110. * Kiriakoff (1974) Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 17. * Kobayashi, H., Kishida, Y. & Wang, M. (2007) Several new species of the genus Phalera (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera). 19(4), 274–292. Available at http://publ.moth.jp/tinea/tinea18-4.pdf * Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 10th ed., Vol. 1, 824 pp. [in Latin] Available at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886 * Matsumura (1920) Zoological Magazine. 32. * Matsumura (1925) Zoological Magazine. 37. * Miller, J.S. & Thiaucourt, P. (2011) Diversity of Prominent Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) in the Cloud Forests of Northeastern Ecuador, with Descriptions of 27 New Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(6), 1033–1077. Available at https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10141 * Schintlmeister, A. & Lourens, J.H. (2010) The Phillipine Notodontidae (Lepidoptera). Quadrifina, 8, 1–349. * Schintlmeister, A. & Pinratana, A. (2007) Moths of Thailand. Vol. 5. Notodontidae. 1–320, 45 pls. * Schintlmeister, A. (1993) Die Zahnspinner der Philippinen - Ergebnisse zweier Sammelreisen 1988 (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). 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(2011) Lymantriinae and Arctiinae including phylogeny and checklist of the quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. In Noctuidae Europaeae. Vol. 13, 1–448 pp. * Černý, K. & Bucsek, K. (2014) Review of the Eugoa-group in the family Erebidae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini) from the Philippines. Entomofauna, 35(22), 461–524. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357127894 * Černý, K. (1995) A contribution to the knowledge of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 14(Suppl.), 149–174. [in English] Available at https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/NEVA-SUP_14_0001-0188.pdf * Černý, K. (2014) Ten new species of Lemyra Walker, 1856, Spilosoma Curtis, 1825 and Juxtarctia Kirti & Kaleka, 2002 from South East Asia (Noctuoidea, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 35(1/2), 53–59. [in English] Available at https://sf4021258e4da33db.jimcontent.com/download/version/1455016435/module/9672941952/name/10 new species of Arctiinae of South-East-Asia.pdf * Černý, K. (2016) A contribution to the knowledge of the Miltochrista-Lyclene genus group in South East Asia (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 37(2-3), 93–107. [in English] Available at https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/NEVA_37_0093-0107.pdf * Lecithoceridae * Park, K.-T., Koo, J.-M., Minet, J. & Razafindranaivo, V. (2023) Lecithoceridae (Lepidoptera) of Madagascar: I. Descriptions of eighteen new species of Torodora Meyrick, 1894. Zootaxa, 5264(2), 151–184. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5264.2.1 * Megalopygidae * Becker, V. (2022) A review of the Neotropical moths of the genus Trosia Hübner and allies (Megalopygidae: Trosiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 32(Suppl. 2), 1–23. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7407155 * Micropterigidae * Gibbs, G.W. (2010) Micropterigidae (Lepidoptera) of the southwestern Pacific: a revision with the establishment of five new genera from Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Zootaxa, 2520, 1–48. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2520.1.1 * Metarbelidae * Lehmann, I. & Dalsgaard, T. (2023) Revision of Saalmulleria Mabille, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Metarbelidae) from Madagascar with the description of three new genera and fifteen new species. Evolutionary Systematics, 7, 133–182. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204 * Lehmann, I., Zahiri, R. & Husemann, M. (2023) Revision of the Metarbelodes Strand, 1909 genus-group (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Metarbelidae) with descriptions of two new genera and 33 new species from high elevations of eastern and southern Africa. Zootaxa, 5267(1), 1–106. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5267.1.1 * Noctuidae * Hacker, H.H. & Zilli, A. (2007) Revisional notes on the Genus Thiacidas Walker, 1855, with descriptions of Thiacidinae subfam. nov. and eleven new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (plates 21-30). Esperiana Memoir, 3, 179–246. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315377895 * Hacker, H.H. (2004) Nolidae and Noctuidae (excluding Catocalinae: Audeini and Tachosini) (Lepidoptera). In Mey, W. (Ed.), The Lepidoptera of the Brandberg Massif in Namibia. Part 1. Esperiana Memoir, 1, 261–304. [in English] * Hacker, H.H. (2007) Noctuidae - supplementary data (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). In Mey, W. (Ed.), The Lepidoptera of the Brandberg Massif in Namibia. Part 2. Esperiana Memoir, 4, 219–235. [in English] * Hacker, H.H., Legrain, A. & Fibiger, M. (2008) Revision of the genus Acontia Ochsenheimer, 1816 and the tribus Acontiini Guenée, 1841 (Old World) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Acontiinae). 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(2011) Diversity of Prominent Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) in the Cloud Forests of Northeastern Ecuador, with Descriptions of 27 New Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(6), 1033–1077. Available at https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10141 * Miller, J.S. (2009) Generic Revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 1: Dioptini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2009(321), 1–674. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.1206/321.1 * Miller, J.S. (2009) Generic Revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 2: Josiini. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2009(321), 675–1022. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.1206/321.1-1 * Noctuidae * Sugi, S. (1995) Noctuidae: Noctuinae, Hermonassa. In: Haruta, T. (Ed.), Moths of Nepal. Part 4. Tinea, 14(Supplement 2), 90–109. 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Revue suisse Zool., 109(4), 813–868. Available from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41177088 * Xi, Z. & Wang, S. (2022) Description of twelve new species of the genus Ripeacma Moriuti, Saito & Lewvanich (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) from China. Zootaxa, 5168(5), 521–540. Available from https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5168.5.2 * Elachistidae * Kaila, L. (2011) Elachistine Moths of Australia (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Elachistidae). In Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Canberra. Vol. 11, i-x, 1–443. [in English] * Geometridae * Tujuba, T.F., Hausmann, A. & Sciaterra, A. (2020) Revision of the Orbamia Herbulot, 1966 group of genera with description of two new genera, ten new species, and two new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae, Cassymini). ZooKeys, 929, 53–77. Available from https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.50391 * Lecithoceridae * Gozmány, L. (1978) Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 5: Lecithoceridae. In Microlepidoptera Palaearctica. Vol. 5, 2 vols: xxviii, 306. * Limacodidae * Cai, R.Q. (1983) A study on the Chinese Latoia Guerin-Meneville with descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 26(3), 437–451. * Hepialidae * Simonsen, T.J. (2018) Splendid Ghost Moths and Their Allies. A Revision of Australian Abantiades, Oncopera, Aenetus, Archaeoaenetus and Zelotypia (Hepialidae). In Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Canberra. Vol. 12, i-xii, 1–300. [in English] * Limacodidae * Epstein, M.E. & Corrales, J.F. (2004) Twenty-five new species of Costa Rican Limacodidae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea). Zootaxa, 701, 1–86. [in English] Available from https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.701.1.1 * Holloway, J.D. (1986) Moths of Borneo 1. The Moths of Borneo: Key to Families Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Ratardidae, Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropinae and Limacodidae. Malayan Nature Journal, 40, 1–166. [in English] * Holloway, J.D. (1987) Systematic account of South-east Asian pest Limacodidae. 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(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from the greater Himalayan region (plates 1- 11). Esperiana, 18, 7–38. * Oecophoridae * Common, I.F.B. (1997) Oecophorine Genera of Australia II: The Chezala, Philobota and Eulechria Groups (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). In Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Canberra. Vol. 5, i-xvi, 1–407. [in English] * Common, I.F.B. (2000) Oecophorine Genera of Australia III: The Barea Group and Unplaced Genera (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). In Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Canberra. Vol. 8, i-xvi, 1–453. [in English] * Tortricidae * Horak, M. (2006) Olethreutine Moths of Australia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Canberra. Vol. 10, i-x, 1–522. [in English] * Razowski, J. & Wojtusiak, J. (2008) Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from the mountains of Ecuador. Part 1: Southern Highlands. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 51B(1-2), 7–41. [in English] Available at https://doi.org/10.3409/azc.51b_1-2.7-41 * Razowski, J. 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