We’re sorry, but GBIF doesn’t work properly without JavaScript enabled.
Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser.
{{nav.loginGreeting}}
  • Get data
      • Occurrences
      • GBIF API
      • Species
      • Datasets
      • Occurrence snapshots
      • Hosted portals
      • Trends
  • How-to
    • Share data

      • Quick-start guide
      • Dataset classes
      • Data hosting
      • Standards
      • Become a publisher
      • Data quality
      • Data papers
    • Use data

      • Featured data use
      • Citation guidelines
      • GBIF citations
      • Citation widget
  • Tools
    • Publishing

      • IPT
      • Data validator
      • Scientific Collections
      • Suggest a dataset
      • New data model ⭐️
    • Data access and use

      • Hosted portals
      • Data processing
      • Derived datasets
      • rgbif
      • pygbif
      • MAXENT
      • Tools catalogue
    • GBIF labs

      • Species matching
      • Name parser
      • Sequence ID
      • Relative observation trends
      • GBIF data blog
  • Community
    • Network

      • Participant network
      • Nodes
      • Publishers
      • Network contacts
      • Community forum
      • alliance for biodiversity knowledge
    • Volunteers

      • Mentors
      • Ambassadors
      • Translators
      • Citizen scientists
    • Activities

      • Capacity enhancement
      • Programmes & projects
      • Training and learning resources
      • Data Use Club
      • Living Atlases
  • About
    • Inside GBIF

      • What is GBIF?
      • Become a member
      • Governance
      • Implementation plan
      • Work Programme
      • Funders
      • Partnerships
      • Release notes
      • Contacts
    • News & outreach

      • News
      • Newsletters and lists
      • Events
      • Awards
      • Science Review
      • Data use
  • User profile

Global database of alien macrofungi

Citation

Monteiro M, Reino L, Schertler A, Essl F, Ferreira M T, Figueira R, Capinha C (2020). Global database of alien macrofungi. Version 1.4. CIBIO (Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources) Portugal. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/2qky1q accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-06-01.

Description

This dataset contains comprehensive information about the global alien spread and distribution of macrofungi species during the last centuries (1753-2018)

Sampling Description

Study Extent

We built our database by compiling occurrences of introduced macrofungal species based on intensive searches in published and unpublished sources. Data was extracted from peer-reviewed articles, scientific and technical reports, books and book chapters, alien species databases and online citizen-science repositories. Finally, we also approached selected mycologists via email. These experts were contacted and asked if they were aware of records of alien macrofungi or of data resources other than the ones we identified through online searches.

Sampling

The data collection process consisted of three different procedures, as it is explained below. 1)Identifying and obtaining relevant records from publications During the search process, we initially looked up for records in broader introduced taxa databases such as the ones from Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (Hulme et al. 2019), Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (Pagadad et al. 2019) and European Alien Species Information Network (European Commission 2019). In a next step we used general-purpose search engines (i.e., Google) and scientific search engines (Google Scholar, Science Direct and jstore.online) to gather more information from relevant literature. We entered key terms related to fungal invasion in different languages including English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese. The terms used were ‘introduced´, ’invasive’, ‘established’, ‘alien’ and ‘exotic’, which were combined with fungal taxonomic terms ranging from a generic and higher denomination (e.g. ‘fungi’, ‘macromycetes’, ‘basidiomycota’) to a more specific designation such as the scientific name (e.g. Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam., Amanita phalloides Secr.) or a common name (e.g. Fly agaric, Death cap). For each combination, we repeated the searches by adding the name of one continent or country, until all continents and countries were being considered. As examples, final search terms would be like ‘European alien fungi ‘, ‘introduced basidomycota in United States’ or ‘introduced Amanita muscaria + South America’. 2)Cross-checking of alien status For each record we assessed the reliability of the alien status given by the original data sources. Records collected from sources explicitly dealing with alien taxa (e.g., Vellinga et al., 2009), retained the nativity status given by the data. These statuses corresponded either to ‘alien’ or to ‘cryptogenic’ (sensu Essl et al., 2018). Records collected from non-specialized sources (e.g., species checklists not considering nativity, grey literature and citizen-science data) were cross-checked against biogeographical information available in the scientific literature or with mycologists. Cases where the records referred to regions outside known native ranges were coded as ‘alien’. Cases in clear biogeographical conflict with known native ranges were not considered for inclusion in our database. Finally, cases where the native or alien status was not possible to identify unambiguously were also not considered. 3)Occurrence data entry To be included in our database records had to meet specific criteria regarding taxonomy and locality description. First, a record must describe a macrofungal species which, that means it should have sporocarps at least 2 mm in size irrespective of phylogenetic placement (Senn-Irlet 2007). As this was not always clear, we had to double-check our data with relevant fungal literature to be sure that the families or even the orders of the referred species were cited as part of the macroscopic fungi checklists. We also had to be certain that the records were identified at least to the species level, as a way of knowing that all contemplated species were in fact alien organisms in the non-native places. Furthermore, the records had to be accompanied by geospatial coordinates or, at minimum, an unambiguous textual designation of location level reference (e.g., region, country, and locality). Finally, the record had to represent a fungal species introduced by human activity on a non-native region because it is the easiest way to be sure that the species was not native. These tasks were accomplished by the main author Miguel Monteiro during the years 2017-2019 with the supervision of experts in fungal ecology and biogeography. These experts were also consulted and asked if they were aware of records of alien macrofungi or of data resources other than the ones we identified through online searches.

Quality Control

For the development of the dataset the records from the original sources were revised by the first author because, some of the names of the species were not updated or sometimes misspelled. As a result, some changes at any of the taxonomic ranks (e.g. order, family, genus or species) had to be adopted in conformity with the used nomenclature. Even though, in cases of synonyms both names were included. The taxonomic revision of scientific names and data checking were performed by using Index Fungorum (Index Fungorum 2019) and Mycobank (Robert et al. 2019). To publish our dataset in the GBIF network we adjusted our records with the Darwin Core specifications (Wieczorek et al. 2012).

Method steps

  1. The creation of the “Global Alien Macrofungi Database” followed a two-step approach. In the first step, we performed an exhaustive search for data sources supplying occurrence records of macrofungi. In the second step, we harmonized the collected data and entered it into a standardized database. Our search and collation of alien macrofungi records was carried out during the years 2017-2019. For the first step, we analysed the database made available by Vellinga et al. (2009), who collected a total of 770 distribution records of ectomycorrhizal fungi from more than 190 publications. However, given the exclusive focus of the database on ectomycorrhizal fungi and consequential absence of data on saprotroph species, it can hardly be assumed that the patterns represented in Vellinga at el. (2009) provide a precise portrayal of the global biogeography of alien macrofungi. Hence, we built up on their database and additionally performed a complementary search for alien saprotroph fungi as well as any new records of alien ectomycorrizhal fungi. For the second step, all collected records were entered into two different data sets. First, we compiled a taxonomic checklist that accounts for all macrofungi taxa we found to be introduced outside their native range. Secondly, we described the according alien occurrences of those taxa including additional important data, such as dates of introduction, host information and occurrence remarks related to the population status in the invaded regions. Here, each entry corresponded to a single record described as alien taxon in a specific location. If a taxon in a given locality was reported multiple times by different sources, we merged the information into a single database entry and cited the earliest reference in time reporting the record. Data entry management and publication were carried out using the Darwin Core Archive format.

Taxonomic Coverages

All macromycetes were identified to species level. There are also some inclusions of records reporting varieties, forms or subspecies. All mispellings have been corrected. Nomenclatural updates are maintained based on the indexfungorum database (http://www.indexfungorum.org) and mycobank (http://www.mycobank.org).
  1. Fungi
    rank: kingdom
  2. Ascomycota
    rank: phylum
  3. Basidomycota
    rank: phylum
  4. Agarocomycetes
    rank: class
  5. Dacrymycetes
    rank: class
  6. Dothideomycetes
    rank: class
  7. Pezizomycetes
    rank: class
  8. Sordariomycetes
    rank: class
  9. Tremellomycetes
    rank: class
  10. Agaricales
    rank: order
  11. Amylocorticiales
    rank: order
  12. Auriculariales
    rank: order
  13. Boletales
    rank: order
  14. Cantharellales
    rank: order
  15. Dacrymycetales
    rank: order
  16. Diaporthales
    rank: order
  17. Geastrales
    rank: order
  18. Gloeophyllales
    rank: order
  19. Gomphales
    rank: order
  20. Helotiales
    rank: order
  21. Hymenochaetales
    rank: order
  22. Hypocreales
    rank: order
  23. Hysterangiales
    rank: order
  24. Pezizales
    rank: order
  25. Phallales
    rank: order
  26. Pleosporales
    rank: order
  27. Polyporales
    rank: order
  28. Russulales
    rank: order
  29. Thelephorales
    rank: order
  30. Xylariales
    rank: order
  31. Agaricaceae
    rank: order
  32. Albatrellaceae
    rank: order
  33. Amanitaceae
    rank: order
  34. Amylostereaceae
    rank: order
  35. Auriculariaceae
    rank: order
  36. Bankeraceae
    rank: order
  37. Bolbitiaceae
    rank: order
  38. Boletaceae
    rank: order
  39. Bondarzewiaceae
    rank: order
  40. Cantharellaceae
    rank: order
  41. Clavariaceae
    rank: order
  42. Clavulinaceae
    rank: order
  43. Coniophoraceae
    rank: order
  44. Cortinariaceae
    rank: order
  45. Cucurbitariaceae
    rank: order
  46. Cyphellaceae
    rank: order
  47. Dacrymycetaceae
    rank: order
  48. Diaporthaceae
    rank: order
  49. Diplocystidiaceae
    rank: order
  50. Discinaceae
    rank: order
  51. Entolomataceae
    rank: order
  52. Fomitopsidaceae
    rank: order
  53. Ganodermataceae
    rank: order
  54. Gastrosporiaceae
    rank: order
  55. Geastraceae
    rank: order
  56. Gelatinodiscaceae
    rank: order
  57. Gloeophyllaceae
    rank: order
  58. Gomphaceae
    rank: order
  59. Gomphidiaceae
    rank: order
  60. Gyroporaceae
    rank: order
  61. Helotiaceae
    rank: order
  62. Helvellaceae
    rank: order
  63. Hydnaceae
    rank: order
  64. Hydnangiaceae
    rank: order
  65. Hygrophoraceae
    rank: order
  66. Hymenochaetaceae
    rank: order
  67. Hymenogastraceae
    rank: order
  68. Hypoxylaceae
    rank: order
  69. Hysterangiaceae
    rank: order
  70. Inocybaceae
    rank: order
  71. Lachnaceae
    rank: order
  72. Marasmiaceae
    rank: order
  73. Meripilaceae
    rank: order
  74. Meruliaceae
    rank: order
  75. Mesophelliaceae
    rank: order
  76. Morchellaceae
    rank: order
  77. Mycenaceae
    rank: order
  78. Nectriaceae
    rank: order
  79. Omphalotaceae
    rank: order
  80. Paxillaceae
    rank: order
  81. Pezizaceae
    rank: order
  82. Phallaceae
    rank: order
  83. Phallogastraceae
    rank: order
  84. Phelloriniaceae
    rank: order
  85. Physalacriaceae
    rank: order
  86. Pleurotaceae
    rank: order
  87. Pluteaceae
    rank: order
  88. Polyporaceae
    rank: order
  89. Psathyrellaceae
    rank: order
  90. Pyronemataceae
    rank: order
  91. Repetobasidiaceae
    rank: order
  92. Russulaceae
    rank: order
  93. Rutstroemiaceae
    rank: order
  94. Sarcoscyphaceae
    rank: order
  95. Schizophyllaceae
    rank: order
  96. Schizoporaceae
    rank: order
  97. Sclerodermataceae
    rank: order
  98. Sclerotiniaceae
    rank: order
  99. Serpulaceae
    rank: order
  100. Sparassidaceae
    rank: order
  101. Stereaceae
    rank: order
  102. Strophariaceae
    rank: order
  103. Suillaceae
    rank: order
  104. Thelephoraceae
    rank: order
  105. Tremellaceae
    rank: order
  106. Tricholomataceae
    rank: order
  107. Tubariaceae
    rank: order
  108. Tuberaceae
    rank: order
  109. Typhulaceae
    rank: order
  110. Xylariaceae
    rank: order

Geographic Coverages

Countries and the first-order administrative divisions of the six largest countries in the world (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Russia and United States). Antarctica is not included

Bibliographic Citations

  1. Desprez-Loustau ML (2009) The alien fungi of Europe. In: Hulme, Philip E., (eds.) Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht, 15–28. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01619.x
  2. Essl F, Bacher S, Genovesi P, Hulme, PE, Jeschke JM, Katsanevakis S, Kowarik I, Kuhn I, Pysek P, Rabitsch W, Schindler S, van Kleunen M, Vilà M, Wilson JRU and Richardson DM (2018). Which taxa are alien? Criteria, applications, and uncertainties. BioScience, 68: 496-509. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy057 - https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy057
  3. European Commission (2019) European Alien Species Information Network- EASIN. https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin [Accessed on: 18/09/2017] - https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin
  4. Hulme PE, Nentwig, W, Pyšek, P, and Vilà, M (2019). DAISIE: Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/ [Acessed: 20 September 2017] - http://www.europe-aliens.org/
  5. Index Fungorum (2019). CABI Database. http://www. indexfungorum. org [Acessed: 20 January 2019]. - http://www. indexfungorum. org
  6. IUCN (2019) Global Invasive Species Database GISD. Invasive Species Specialist Group ISSG. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/ [Accessed on: 20/09/2017] - http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/
  7. Katsanevakis S, Deriu I, D’Amico F, Nunes AL, Sanchez SP, Crocetta F, Arianoutsou M, Bazos I, Christopoulou A, Curto G, Delipetrou P, Kokkoris Y, Panov V, Rabitsch W, Roques A, Scalera R, Shirley SM, Tricarino E, Vannini A, Zenetos A, Zervou S, Zikos A, Cardoso AC (2015) European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): supporting European policies and scientific research. https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin [Acessed: 18 September 2017] - https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin
  8. iNaturalist (2019) iNaturalist research‐grade observations. https://www.inaturalist.org/ [Acessed: 18 January 2018] - https://www.inaturalist.org/
  9. Troudet J, Grandcolas P, Blin, A, Vignes-Lebbe, R, and Legendre F (2017). Taxonomic bias in biodiversity data and societal preferences. Scientific Reports, 7: 9132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09084-6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09084-6
  10. Vellinga EC, Wolfe BE, and Pringle A (2009) Global patterns of ectomycorrhizal introductions. New Phytologist, 181: 960-973. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02728.x - https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02728.x
  11. Vizzini A, Zotti M, and Mello A (2009) Alien fungal species distribution: the study case of Favolaschia calocera. Biological invasions, 11: 417-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9259-5 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9259-5
  12. Wilson N, and Hollinger J (2019) Mushroom observer https://mushroomobserver.org/ [Accessed on: 18 December 2017] - https://mushroomobserver.org/
  13. CABI (2019) Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/ [Accessed on: 10 October 2018] - https://www.cabi.org/

Contacts

Miguel Monteiro
originator
position: Phd Student
CIBIO/INBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos,Universidade do Porto
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
email: miguelpmonteiro12@gmail.com
Luís Reino
originator
position: Research Fellow
CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
Anna Schertler
originator
position: PhD Student
Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna
Rennweg 14, 1030
Vienna
AT
Franz Essl
originator
position: Assistant Professor
Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna
Rennweg 14, 1030
Vienna
AT
Maria Teresa Ferreira
originator
position: Professor
Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Tapada da Ajuda
Lisboa
1349-017
PT
Rui Figueira
originator
position: GBIF Node Manager for Portugal
LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Tapada da Ajuda
Lisboa
1349-017
PT
César Capinha
originator
position: Research Fellow
Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território - IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa
Rua Branca Edmée Marques
Lisboa
1600-276
PT
Miguel Monteiro
metadata author
position: Phd student
CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Lisboa
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
email: miguelpmonteiro12@gmail.com
Luís Reino
metadata author
position: Research Fellow
CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Lisboa
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
Anna Schertler
metadata author
position: Phd student
Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna
Rennweg 14, 1030
Vienna
AT
Franz Essl
metadata author
position: Assistant Professor
Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna
Rennweg 14, 1030
Vienna
AT
Maria Teresa Ferreira
metadata author
position: Professor
Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Tapada da Ajuda
Lisboa
1349-017
PT
Rui Figueira
metadata author
position: GBIF Node Manager for Portugal
LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa
Tapada da Ajuda
Lisboa
1349-017
PT
César Capinha
metadata author
position: Research Fellow
Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território - IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa
Rua Branca Edmée Marques
Lisboa
1600-276
PT
Miguel Monteiro
user
position: Phd Student
CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Lisboa
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
email: miguelpmonteiro12@gmail.com
Miguel Monteiro
administrative point of contact
position: Phd Student
CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Lisboa ,University of Porto
Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nº 7
Porto
4485‑661
PT
email: miguelpmonteiro12@gmail.com
What is GBIF? API FAQ Newsletter Privacy Terms and agreements Citation Code of Conduct Acknowledgements
Contact GBIF Secretariat Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
GBIF is a Global Core Biodata Resource