Marine algal flora of Flores and Corvo Islands, Azores

Ana Isabel Neto; Manuela I. Parente; Ian Tittley; Robert Lawson Fletcher; William Frank Farnham; Ana Cristina Costa; Andrea Z. Botelho; Sandra Monteiro; Roberto Resendes; Pedro Afonso; Afonso C. L. Prestes; Nuno Vaz Álvaro; David Milla-Figueras; Raul M. A. Neto; José M. N. Azevedo; Ignacio Moreu

doi:10.15468/jmjkm6

Marine algal flora of Flores and Corvo Islands, Azores

Citation

Neto A I, Parente M I, Tittley I, Fletcher R L, Farnham W F, Costa A C, Botelho A Z, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Prestes A C L, Álvaro N V, Milla-Figueras D, Neto R M A, Azevedo J M N, Moreu I (2020). Marine algal flora of Flores and Corvo Islands, Azores. Version 1.4. Universidade dos Açores. Sampling event dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/jmjkm6 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-12-12.

Description

Background The algal flora of the western group of the Azores archipelago (Islands of Flores and Corvo) has attracted the interest of many researchers on numerous past occasions (such as Drouët 1866; Trelease 1897; Gain 1914; Schmidt 1929, 1931; Azevedo et al. 1990; Fralick & Hehre 1990; Neto & Azevedo 1990; Neto & Baldwin 1990; Neto 1996, 1997, 1999; Tittley & Neto, 1996, 2000, 2005, 2006; Azevedo 1998, 1999; Tittley et al. 1998; Dionísio et al. 2008; Neto et al. 2008). Despite this interest, the macroalgal flora of the Islands cannot be described as well-known with the published information reflecting limited collections preformed in short term visits by scientists. To overcome this, a thorough investigation, encompassing collections and presence data recording, has been undertaken for both the littoral and sublittoral regions, down to a depth of approximately 40 m, covering a relatively large area on both Islands (approximately 143 km2 for Flores and 17 km2 for Corvo). This paper lists the resultant taxonomic records and provides information on species ecology and occurrence around both these Islands, thereby improving the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at both local and regional scales.

New information For the Island of Flores, a total of 1687 specimens (including some taxa identified only to genus level) belonging to 196 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 120 Rhodophyta, 35 Chlorophyta and 41 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these taxa, 128 were identified to species level (80 Rhodophyta, 22 Chlorophyta and 26 Ochrophyta), encompassing 37 new records for the Island (20 Rhodophyta, 6 Chlorophyta and 11 Ochrophyta); two Macaronesian endemics (Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun and Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo & J.M.Rico); six introduced (the Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata Harvey, Neoizziella divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang & Huisman, and Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg; the Chlorophyta Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot; and the Ochrophyta Hydroclathrus tilesii (Endlicher) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, and Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki); and 14 species of uncertain status (10 Rhodophyta, 2 Chlorophyta and 2 Ochrophyta). For the Island of Corvo, a total of 390 specimens distributed in 56 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 30 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 17 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Whilst a number of taxa were identified only to the genus level, 43 were identified to species level (22 Rhodophyta, 8 Chlorophyta and 13 Ochrophyta), comprising 22 new records for the Island (9 Rhodophyta, 4 Chlorophyta and 9 Ochrophyta), two introduced species (the Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata and the Chlorophyta Codium fragile subsp. fragile, and seven species of uncertain status (5 Rhodophyta and 2 Ochrophyta).

Introduction The Azorean algal flora, considered cosmopolitan, with species shared with Macaronesia, North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Europe and America (Tittley 2003, Tittley & Neto 2006, Wallenstein et al. 2009), is relatively rich when compared to that of other remote oceanic Islands (Neto et al. 2005, Tittley & Neto 2005, Wallenstein et al. 2009). Around 400 species of marine macroalgae have, to date, been recorded for the isolated mid-Atlantic Azores archipelago (Freitas et al. 2019). These authors, based on extensive analysis encompassing data on brachyurans, polychaetes, gastropods, echinoderms, coastal fishes and macroalgae, suggested that the Azores should be a biogeographical entity of its own and proposed a redefinition of the Lusitanian biogeographical province, in which they recognised four ecoregions: the South European Atlantic Shelf, the Saharan Upwelling, the Azores ecoregion, and a new ecoregion herein named Webbnesia, which comprises the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands. In their paper comparing the Azorean algal flora to that of the new Webbnesia region, they reported that the Canary Islands, with 689 species of marine macroalgae, are by far the most diverse archipelago, followed by the Azores (405), Madeira (396) and Cabo Verde (333). The Selvagens are the least diverse one (295 species). It is worth mentioning that the published information reflects data from only a few of the nine Azorean Islands, since not all of them have been adequately investigated. In the Azores archipelago, São Miguel is by far the Island with the largest amount of research dedicated to the study of its algal flora. The total number of algal species is, at the moment, 260, a number that is likely to increase due to ongoing research by authors of the present paper. Most of the remaining Islands have received less attention. To overcome this, and improve the understanding of the archipelago’s macroalgal flora, research has been conducted over the past three decades on all the Islands. Data on the Islands of Pico, Graciosa and Terceira is already available on the recently published papers by Neto et al. (2020b, c, d). To provide a better understanding of the archipelago’s seaweed flora, a long term research programme of study has been undertaken, mainly by local investigators into the marine macroalgae flora on several of the less studied Azorean Islands. The present paper presents both physical and occurrence data, and information gathered from surveys undertaken on Flores and Corvo Islands mainly by the Island Aquatic Research Group of the Azorean Biodiversity Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/sub-team/island-aquatic-ecology) the BIOISLE, Biodiversity and Islands Research Group of CIBIO-Açores at the University of the Azores (Link: https://cibio.up.pt/research-groups-1/details/bioisle), and the OKEANOS Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: http://www.okeanos.uac.pt). In these surveys particular attention was given to the small filamentous and thin sheet-like species that are often short-lived and fast-growing, and usually very difficult to identify in the wild, without the aid of a microscope and specialised literature in the laboratory. The present paper aims to provide a valuable marine biological tool for research on systematics, diversity and conservation, biological monitoring, climate change and ecology for academics, students, government, private organizations and the general public.

Purpose: In this paper we present taxonomic records of macroalgae recorded from the Islands of Flores and Corvo and provide general information on their occurrence and distribution. By doing this, we are contributing to address several biodiversity shortfalls (see Cardoso et al. 2011, Hortal et al. 2015), namely the need to catalogue the Azorean macroalgae (Linnean shortfall) and improve the current information on their local and regional geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), as well as on species abundance and dynamics in space (Prestonian shortfall).

Sampling Description

Study Extent

This study covers a relatively large area, of approximately 143 km2 on Flores and 17 km2 on Corvo, covering littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m around the Islands.

Sampling

Intertidal collections were made during low tide by walking over the shores. Subtidal collections were made by SCUBA diving around the area. Sampling involved specimen collecting and species presence recording. For the former, at each location samples were obtained by scraping from the surface one or two specimens of all the observed species and then placing them into labelled bags. Species recording data was gathered by registering all species present in the sampled locations visited.

Quality Control

Each sampled taxon was identified by trained taxonomists and involved morphological and anatomical observations of whole specimens by eye, and/or of histological preparations under microscopes to determine the main diagnostic features of each species as described in the literature.

Method steps

Specimens were sorted and studied in the laboratory following standard procedures used in macroalgae identification. Species identification was usually based on a combination of morphological, anatomical and reproductive features. For small and simple thalli, this required observing the entire thallus with the unaided eye and/or using dissecting and compound microscopes. For larger and more complex algae, investigation of the thallus anatomy required histological procedures (longitudinal and transverse sections) or squashed preparations of mucilaginous thalli, sometimes after staining, to observe vegetative and reproductive structures and other diagnostic features. The mixed nature of the Azorean algal flora with components from several geographical regions cause difficulties in species identification. Floras and keys for the North Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic and Western Mediterranean were used (e.g. Schmidt 1931, Taylor 1967, 1978, Levring 1974, Dixon & Irvine 1977, Lawson & John 1982, Irvine 1983, Gayral & Cosson 1986, Fletcher 1987, Afonso-Carrillo & Sansón 1989, Burrows 1991, Boudouresque et al. 1992, Cabioc'h et al. 1992, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Irvine & Chamberlain 1994, Brodie et al. 2007, Lloréns et al. 2012 and Rodríguez-Prieto et al. 2013). For more critical and taxonomically difficult taxa, specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum (London) for comparison with collections there. A reference collection was made for all collected specimens by assigning them an herbarium code number and depositing them at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the Molecular Systematics Laboratory, University of Azores. Depending on the species and on planned further research, different types of collections were made, namely (i) liquid collections using 5% buffered formaldehyde seawater and then replacing it by the fixing agent Kew (Bridsen & Forman 1999); (ii) dried collections, either by pressing the algae (most species) as described by Gayral & Cosson (1986), or by letting them air dry (calcareous species); and (iii) silica gel collections for molecular studies. Nomenclatural and taxonomic status used here follow Algaebase (Guiry & Guiry, 2020). The database was organized on FileMaker Pro.

Additional info

Additional information on this study may also be requested to the first author.

Taxonomic Coverages

All macroalgae were identified to genus or species level. For Flores a total of 196 taxa were identified belonging to 24 orders and 54 families, distributed in the phyla Rhodophyta (14 orders and 33 families), Chlorophyta (3 orders and 9 families), and Ochrophyta (7 orders and 12 families). For Corvo a total of 56 taxa were identified belonging to 16 orders and 29 families, distributed in the phyla Rhodophyta (7 orders and 16 families), Chlorophyta (3 orders and 4 families), and Ochrophyta (6 orders and 9 families).

Rhodophyta
common name: Red algae rank: phylum
Chlorophyta
common name: Green algae rank: phylum
Ochrophyta
common name: Brown algae rank: phylum

Geographic Coverages

Flores and Corvo Islands Coordinates: 39.73887436009367 and 39.35978526869001 Latitude; -31.28082275390625 and -31.036376953125 Longitude.

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Contacts

Ana Isabel Neto
originator
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Manuela I. Parente
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Ian Tittley
originator
position: Science Associate
Natural History Museum
Cromwell Road
London
SW7 5BD
GB
Telephone: 00 44 1227 365671
email: mmit@waitrose.com

Robert Lawson Fletcher
originator
position: Visiting Research Fellow in Marine Environmental Sciences
University of Portsmouth, Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences
Ferry Road, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, United Kingdom
Portsmouth, UK
PO4 9LY
Hampshire, UK
GB
Telephone: +(0)23 9284 8484
email: phaeophyta@hotmail.com

William Frank Farnham
originator
position: Visiting lecturer
University of Portsmouth
Ferry Road, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, United Kingdom
Portsmouth, UK
PO4 9LY
Hampshire, UK
Telephone: +44 7707 553520
email: farnham2@gmail.com

Ana Cristina Costa
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: ana.cm.costa@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/arcosta
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-3460

Andrea Z. Botelho
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: andrea.zc.botelho@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/azbotelho
userId: https://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-2979

Sandra Monteiro
originator
position: Research Technician
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: sandra.cs.monteiro@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/smonteiro

Roberto Resendes
originator
position: Curator at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000, ext. 1731
email: roberto.resendes@uac.pt

Pedro Afonso
originator
position: Senior Researcher
IMAR/Okeanos – University of the Azores
Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado
Horta
9901-862
Faial, Açores
PT
email: pafonsopim@gmail.com
homepage: http://www.okeanos.uac.pt/equipa
userId: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4618-2589

Afonso C. L. Prestes
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: afonso.cl.prestes@uac.pt
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/afonsoprestes
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-251X

Nuno Vaz Álvaro
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, CCMMG (Centro do Clima Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais), IITA-A (Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias e do Ambiente)
Campus de Angra do Heroísmo Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze
Angra do Heroísmo
9700-042
Terceira, Açores
PT
Telephone: +3295 402 200
email: nuno.ms.alvaro@uac.pt
homepage: http://cita.angra.uac.pt/clima/equipa/ver.php?id=245
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6967-7170

David Milla-Figueras
originator
position: Collaborator
IMAR/Okeanos – University of the Azores
Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado
Horta
9901-862
Faial, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351910989920
email: davidmfigueras@gmail.com
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-2664

Raul M. A. Neto
originator
position: Collaborator
NA
PT
email: raulmaneto@gmail.com

José M. N. Azevedo
originator
position: Auxiliary professor and Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650113
email: jose.mv.azevedo@uac.pt
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/jose-manuel-viegas-de-oliveira-neto-azevedo
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-1371

Ignacio Moreu
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Ana Isabel Neto
metadata author
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Ignacio Moreu
metadata author
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Manuela I. Parente
metadata author
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Ana Isabel Neto
author
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Ignacio Moreu
author
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Manuela I. Parente
author
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Ana Isabel Neto
administrative point of contact
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636