Trondheim urban biodyversity survey

Study Extent

The study was carried out within the Norwegian Trondheim Municipality administrative borders, around 63.42°N, 10.38°E. The study area was split into five sectors to reflect variation in land cover (build-up area vs. natural vegetation), age of build-up structures, and landscape architecture. The investigators subjectively determined these sectors. Within each sector, 10 plots of 100m × 100m (50 in total, plus 6 in addition to cover the landscape variation) were placed semi-randomly, aiming to cover most of the within-sector variation (e.g. plots randomly covering completely build-up area in the most urban sector were complemented with typical park-like plots within the sector). The most urbanised areas of the city were not included in the gradient.

Sampling

During field seasons in 2001 and 2002, a trained botanist from the NTNU University Museum (E. Fremstad) registered all plant species and their rank abundances on a 1-4 scale (rare – scattered – common – dominant). Regarding the birds, every plot was surveyed by walking through the plot very morning and registering all birds seen or heard. Every plot was surveyed a minimum of 5 times through the period of 7/5-2001 to 10/6-2001. The number of breeding pairs of stationary males were counted. For the bumblebees, presence or absence of single species were noted during the surveying period.

Method steps

1. -

All vascular plants were identified to species (a few taxa only identified to genus) and recorded on a rank-aundance scale (1-4, rare - scattered - common - dominant), breeding birds (couples or stationary males) were identified to species and counted (abundance), and bumblebees were identfied to species (presence absence). All registrations were done within 100m*100m plots

1. Turdus pilaris
   rank: species
2. Passer domesticus
   rank: species
3. Pica pica
   rank: species
4. Chloris chloris
   rank: species
5. Cyanistes caeruleus
   rank: species
6. Phylloscopus collybita
   rank: species
7. Fringilla coelebs
   rank: species
8. Parus major
   rank: species
9. Corvus frugilegus
   rank: species
10. Turdus iliacus
    rank: species
11. Sturnus vulgaris
    rank: species
12. Carduelis spinus
    rank: species
13. Phylloscopus trochilus
    rank: species
14. Corvus cornix
    rank: species
15. Prunella modularis
    rank: species
16. Columba palumbus
    rank: species
17. Erithacus rubecula
    rank: species
18. Corvus monedula
    rank: species
19. Emberiza citrinella
    rank: species
20. Motacilla alba
    rank: species
21. Larus canus
    rank: species
22. Turdus merula
    rank: species
23. Turdus philomelos
    rank: species
24. Sylvia communis
    rank: species
25. Muscicapa striata
    rank: species
26. Ficedula hypoleuca
    rank: species
27. Periparus ater
    rank: species
28. Fringilla montifringilla
    rank: species
29. Anas platyrhynchos
    rank: species
30. Bombus pascuorum
    rank: species
31. Bombus hypnorum
    rank: species
32. Bombus lucorum
    rank: species
33. Bombus lapidarius
    rank: species
34. Bombus hortorum
    rank: species
35. Bombus pratorum
    rank: species
36. Bombus soroeensis
    rank: species
37. Bombus bohemicus
    rank: species
38. Bombus sylvestris
    rank: species
39. Acer platanoides
    rank: species
40. Acer pseudoplatanus
    rank: species
41. Achillea millefolium
    rank: species
42. Achillea ptarmica
    rank: species
43. Aconitum septentrionale
    rank: species
44. Actaea spicata
    rank: species
45. Aegopodium podagraria
    rank: species
46. Aesculus hippocastanum
    rank: species
47. Aethusa cynapium
    rank: species
48. Agrostis capillaris
    rank: species
49. Agrostis gigantea
    rank: species
50. Agrostis stolonifera
    rank: species
51. Alchemilla glabra
    rank: species
52. Alchemilla gracilis
    rank: species
53. Alchemilla glaucescens
    rank: species
54. Alchemilla monticola
    rank: species
55. Alchemilla murbeckiana
    rank: species
56. Alchemilla propinqua
    rank: species
57. Alchemilla subcrenata
    rank: species
58. Alchemilla subglobosa
    rank: species
59. Alchemilla wichurae
    rank: species
60. Alisma plantago-aquatica
    rank: species
61. Alliaria petiolata
    rank: species
62. Alnus incana
    rank: species
63. Alopecurus geniculatus
    rank: species
64. Alopecurus pratensis
    rank: species
65. Amelanchier spicata
    rank: species
66. Andromeda polifolia
    rank: species
67. Anemone nemorosa
    rank: species
68. Angelica sylvestris
    rank: species
69. Anthoxanthum odoratum
    rank: species
70. Anthriscus sylvestris
    rank: species
71. Anthyllis vulneraria
    rank: species
72. Aquilegia vulgaris
    rank: species
73. Arabis hirsuta
    rank: species
74. Arenaria serpyllifolia
    rank: species
75. Artemisia vulgaris
    rank: species
76. Aruncus dioicus
    rank: species
77. Asplenium trichomanes
    rank: species
78. Athyrium filix-femina
    rank: species
79. Avena pubescens
    rank: species
80. Barbarea vulgaris
    rank: species
81. Betula nana
    rank: species
82. Betula pendula
    rank: species
83. Betula pubescens
    rank: species
84. Bistorta vivipara
    rank: species
85. Blechnum spicant
    rank: species
86. Brassica sp.
    rank: genus
87. Calamagrostis purpurea
    rank: species
88. Calluna vulgaris
    rank: species
89. Caltha palustris
    rank: species
90. Calystegia sepium
    rank: species
91. Campanula latifolia
    rank: species
92. Campanula rapunculoides
    rank: species
93. Campanula rotundifolia
    rank: species
94. Campanula trachelium
    rank: species
95. Capsella bursa-pastoris
    rank: species
96. Cardamine amara
    rank: species
97. Carduus crispus
    rank: species
98. Cardamine hirsuta
    rank: species
99. Cardamine pratensis
    rank: species
100. Carex canescens
     rank: species
101. Carex demissa
     rank: species
102. Carex digitata
     rank: species
103. Carex echinata
     rank: species
104. Carex lasiocarpa
     rank: species
105. Carex nigra
     rank: species
106. Carex ovalis
     rank: species
107. Carex pallescens
     rank: species
108. Carex panicea
     rank: species
109. Carex pauciflora
     rank: species
110. Carex pilulifera
     rank: species
111. Carex rostrata
     rank: species
112. Carex vaginata
     rank: species
113. Carum carvi
     rank: species
114. Centaurea montana
     rank: species
115. Cerastisum arvense
     rank: species
116. Cerastium fontanum
     rank: species
117. Cerastium glomeratum
     rank: species
118. Chamomilla suaveolens
     rank: species
119. Chenopodium album
     rank: species
120. Chenopoduim sp.
     rank: genus
121. Chrysosplenium alternifolium
     rank: species
122. Cirsium arvense
     rank: species
123. Cirsium helenioides
     rank: species
124. Cirsium palustre
     rank: species
125. Cirsium vulgare
     rank: species
126. Convallaria majalis
     rank: species
127. Cornus alba
     rank: species
128. Cornus suecica
     rank: species
129. Corylus avellana
     rank: species
130. Cotoneaster lucidus
     rank: species
131. Cotoneaster villosulus
     rank: species
132. Cotoneaster villosulus
     rank: species
133. Cystopteris fragilis
     rank: species
134. Dactylis glomerata
     rank: species
135. Dactylorhiza maculata
     rank: species
136. Deschampsia caespitosa
     rank: species
137. Deschampsia flexuosa
     rank: species
138. Descurainia sophia
     rank: species
139. Drosera rotundifolia
     rank: species
140. Dryopteris carthusiana
     rank: species
141. Dryopteris expansa
     rank: species
142. Dryopteris filix-mas
     rank: species
143. Elymus caninus
     rank: species
144. Elymus repens
     rank: species
145. Empetrum nigrum
     rank: species
146. Epilobium angustifolium
     rank: species
147. Epilobium montanum
     rank: species
148. Epilobium palustre
     rank: species
149. Epilobium watsonii
     rank: species
150. Equisetum arvense
     rank: species
151. Equisetum fluviatile
     rank: species
152. Equisetum palustre
     rank: species
153. Equisetum pratense
     rank: species
154. Equisetum sylvaticum
     rank: species
155. Eriophorum angustifolium
     rank: species
156. Eriophorum latifolium
     rank: species
157. Eriophorum vaginatum
     rank: species
158. Erophila verna
     rank: species
159. Erysimum cheiranthoides
     rank: species
160. Erysimum hieraciifolium
     rank: species
161. Euphorbia helioscopia
     rank: species
162. Euphorbia sp.
     rank: species
163. Fallopia ×bohemica
     rank: species
164. Fallopia japonica
     rank: species
165. Festuca ovina
     rank: species
166. Festuca pratensis
     rank: species
167. Festuca rubra
     rank: species
168. Filaginella uliginosa
     rank: species
169. Filipendula ulmaria
     rank: species
170. Fragaria vesca
     rank: species
171. Fraxinus excelsior
     rank: species
172. Fumaria officinalis
     rank: species
173. Gagea lutea
     rank: species
174. Galeopsis bifida
     rank: species
175. Galeopsis speciosa
     rank: species
176. Galium album
     rank: species
177. Galium aparine
     rank: species
178. Galium boreale
     rank: species
179. Galium palustre
     rank: species
180. Galium verum
     rank: species
181. Gentianella campestris
     rank: species
182. Geranium robertianum
     rank: species
183. Geranium sylvaticum
     rank: species
184. Geum rivale
     rank: species
185. Geum urbanun
     rank: species
186. Glechoma hederacea
     rank: species
187. Glyceria fluitans
     rank: species
188. Gymnocarpium dryopteris
     rank: species
189. Hepatica nobilis
     rank: species
190. Heracleum sibiricum
     rank: species
191. Heracleum sp.
     rank: genus
192. Heracleum sphondylium
     rank: species
193. Hesperis matronalis
     rank: species
194. Hieracium sp.
     rank: genus
195. Hippophae rhamnoides
     rank: species
196. Hypericum maculatum
     rank: species
197. Juncus alpinoarticulatus
     rank: species
198. Juncus articulatus
     rank: species
199. Juncus bufonius
     rank: species
200. Juncus conglomeratus
     rank: species
201. Juniperus communis
     rank: species
202. Knautia arvensis
     rank: species
203. Laburnum alpinum
     rank: species
204. Lamium confertum
     rank: species
205. Lamium purpureum
     rank: species
206. Lapsana communis
     rank: species
207. Larix sp.
     rank: genus
208. Lathyrus pratensis
     rank: species
209. Leontodon autumnalis
     rank: species
210. Leucanthemum vulgare
     rank: species
211. Lilium martagon
     rank: species
212. Linaria vulgaris
     rank: species
213. Linnaea borealis
     rank: species
214. Linum catharticum
     rank: species
215. Lolium multiflorum
     rank: species
216. Lolium perenne
     rank: species
217. Lonicera caerulea
     rank: species
218. Lotus corniculatus
     rank: species
219. Lupinus polyphyllus
     rank: species
220. Luzula multiflora
     rank: species
221. Luzula pilosa
     rank: species
222. Lychnis flos-cuculi
     rank: species
223. Lycopodium annotinum
     rank: species
224. Lysimachia nummularia
     rank: species
225. Lysimachia punctata
     rank: species
226. Maianthemum bifolium
     rank: species
227. Matricaria perforata
     rank: species
228. Matteuccia struthiopteris
     rank: species
229. Matteuccia struthiopteris
     rank: species
230. Melampyrum pratense
     rank: species
231. Melampyrum sylvaticum
     rank: species
232. Melica nutans
     rank: species
233. Menyanthes trifoliata
     rank: species
234. Moehringia trinervia
     rank: species
235. Molinia caerulea
     rank: species
236. Muscari botryoides
     rank: species
237. Myosotis arvensis
     rank: species
238. Myosotis laxa caespitosa
     rank: subspecies
239. Nardus stricta
     rank: species
240. Orthilia secunda
     rank: species
241. Oxalis acetosella
     rank: species
242. Papaver nudicaule
     rank: species
243. Paris quadrifolia
     rank: species
244. Persicaria lapathifolia
     rank: species
245. Persicaria maculosa
     rank: species
246. Phalaris arundinacea
     rank: species
247. Phegopteris connectilis
     rank: species
248. Phleum pratense
     rank: species
249. Picea abies
     rank: species
250. Picris hieracioides
     rank: species
251. Pimpinella saxifraga
     rank: species
252. Pinguicula vulgaris
     rank: species
253. Pinus cembra
     rank: species
254. Pinus sp.
     rank: genus
255. Pinus sylvestris
     rank: species
256. Plantago major
     rank: species
257. Plantago media
     rank: species
258. Platanthera bifolia
     rank: species
259. Poa alpina
     rank: species
260. Poa annua
     rank: species
261. Poa glauca
     rank: species
262. Poa nemoralis
     rank: species
263. Poa pratensis
     rank: species
264. Poa trivialis
     rank: species
265. Polygonum aviculare aviculare
     rank: subspecies
266. Polygonum aviculare boreale
     rank: subspecies
267. Polygonum aviculare neglectum
     rank: subspecies
268. Polygonatum multiflorum
     rank: species
269. Polygonatum odoratum
     rank: species
270. Polygala vulgaris
     rank: species
271. Populus balsamifera
     rank: species
272. Populus tremula
     rank: species
273. Potentilla anserina
     rank: species
274. Potentilla argyrophylla
     rank: species
275. Potentilla erecta
     rank: species
276. Potentilla norvegica
     rank: species
277. Potentilla palustris
     rank: species
278. Primula elatior
     rank: species
279. Prunus avium
     rank: species
280. Prunus padus
     rank: species
281. Prunella vulgaris
     rank: species
282. Pyrola minor
     rank: species
283. Ranunculus acris
     rank: species
284. Ranunculus auricomus
     rank: species
285. Ranunculus ficaria
     rank: species
286. Ranunculus repens
     rank: species
287. Raphanus sativus
     rank: species
288. Rhinanthus minor
     rank: species
289. Ribes alpinum
     rank: species
290. Ribes nigrum
     rank: species
291. Ribes rubrum
     rank: species
292. Ribes spicatum
     rank: species
293. Ribes spicatum
     rank: species
294. Rorippa palustris
     rank: species
295. Rorippa sylvestris
     rank: species
296. Rosa caesia
     rank: species
297. Rosa dumalis
     rank: species
298. Rosa majalis
     rank: species
299. Rosa mollis
     rank: species
300. Rosa rugosa
     rank: species
301. Rubus chamaemorus
     rank: species
302. Rubus idaeus
     rank: species
303. Rubus saxatilis
     rank: species
304. Rumex acetosa
     rank: species
305. Rumex acetosella
     rank: species
306. Rumex longifolius
     rank: species
307. Sagina procumbens
     rank: species
308. Salix aurita
     rank: species
309. Salix caprea
     rank: species
310. Salix lapponum
     rank: species
311. Salix myrsinites
     rank: species
312. Salix pentandra
     rank: species
313. Salix viminalis
     rank: species
314. Sambucus racemosa
     rank: species
315. Saxifraga hypnoides
     rank: species
316. Saxifraga umbrosa
     rank: species
317. Scilla sibirica
     rank: species
318. Sedum acre
     rank: species
319. Sedum aizoon
     rank: species
320. Sedum hybridum
     rank: species
321. Sedum sp.
     rank: genus
322. Sedum telephium telephium
     rank: subspecies
323. Senecio viscosus
     rank: species
324. Senecio vulgaris
     rank: species
325. Silene dioica
     rank: species
326. Sinapis arvensis
     rank: species
327. Solidago virgaurea
     rank: species
328. Sonchus asper
     rank: species
329. Sorbus aucuparia
     rank: species
330. Sorbus hybrida
     rank: species
331. Sorbus intermedia
     rank: species
332. Sorbaria sorbifolia
     rank: species
333. Sorbus sp.
     rank: genus
334. Spergula arvensis
     rank: species
335. Spiraea chamaedryfolia
     rank: species
336. Stachys sylvatica
     rank: species
337. Stellaria graminea
     rank: species
338. Stellaria nemorum
     rank: species
339. Stellaria media
     rank: species
340. Succisa pratensis
     rank: species
341. Syringa sp.
     rank: genus
342. Tanacetum vulgare
     rank: species
343. Taraxacum Ruderalia
344. Thlaspi caerulescens
     rank: species
345. Trichophorum cespitosum
     rank: species
346. Trientalis europaea
     rank: species
347. Trifolium hybridum
     rank: species
348. Trifolium pratense
     rank: species
349. Trifolium repens
     rank: species
350. Triglochin palustris
     rank: species
351. Tussilago farfara
     rank: species
352. Ulmus glabra
     rank: species
353. Urtica dioica
     rank: species
354. Vaccinium myrtillus
     rank: species
355. Vaccinium oxycoccos microcarpum
     rank: subspecies
356. Vaccinium uliginosum
     rank: species
357. Vaccinium vitis-idaea
     rank: species
358. Valeriana sambucifolia
     rank: species
359. Veronica beccabunga
     rank: species
360. Veronica chamaedrys
     rank: species
361. Veronica officinalis
     rank: species
362. Veronica persica
     rank: species
363. Veronica scutellata
     rank: species
364. Veronica serpyllifolia
     rank: species
365. Viburnum opulus
     rank: species
366. Vicia cracca
     rank: species
367. Vicia sepium
     rank: species
368. Vicia sylvatica
     rank: species
369. Viola arvensis
     rank: species
370. Viola canina montana
     rank: subspecies
371. Viola palustris
     rank: species
372. Viola riviniana
     rank: species
373. Viola tricolor
     rank: species

Within the Norwegian Trondheim Municipality administrative borders. The study area was split into five sectors to reflect variation in land cover (build-up area vs. natural vegetation), age of build-up structures, and landscape architecture. The investigators subjectively determined these sectors. Within each sector, 10 plots of 100m × 100m (50 in total) were placed semi-randomly, aiming to cover most of the within-sector variation (e.g. plots randomly covering completely build-up area in the most urban sector were complemented with typical park-like plots within the sector). The most urbanised areas of the city were not included in the gradient.