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Eden Arthropod Azores Database

Citation

Marcelino J, Borges P A V, Borges I, Soares A (2022). Eden Arthropod Azores Database. Version 1.11. Universidade dos Açores. Sampling event dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/38ccb3 accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-02-02.

Description

This study intended to contribute to the current international directives concerning biodiversity, aiming to document and safeguard biological resources of the globe. Our objective was to present the most widely distributed and diverse taxa recorded during the sampling phase of the EDEN project (2008-2014), specifically all arthropod fauna, at all strata, within eight representative habitats of five islands of the Azores archipelago (Santa Maria, São Miguel, Terceira, Flores and Pico)

Sampling Description

Study Extent

We selected the islands based on the relative proportion of land used in agriculture and pristine areas (based on published data by Costa et al. 2014), taking in consideration all possible combinations, i.e., São Miguel (SMG), with a high proportion of land allocated to pastures (61%) and a low/medium proportion of scattered native habitats (19.1%); (ii) Terceira (TER), with high proportion of land of pastures (66.9%) and a medium/high proportion of localized native habitats (21.3%); (iii) Pico (PIC), with high proportion of pastureland (50.3%) and medium/high proportion of centrally localized high altitude native habitats (35.5%); (iv) Flores (FLO), with scarce agricultural development (17.7%) and a high proportion of localized native habitats (43%); and, (v) Santa Maria /SMR), with high proportion of agricultural land (56.7%), not presently used, and a low proportion of localized native habitats (17.3%).

Sampling

In order to obtain the maximum information on arthropod biodiversity, all strata present at a given habitat type were sampled, i.e., micro epigean fauna (Berlese-Tullgren trapping), soil fauna (Pitfall trapping), aerial vagility fauna (Vaccum aspirator) and canopy fauna (sweeping nets). Two parallel transects with fifteen pitfall traps (PF) were placed in 150x150 m geo-referenced plots. PF consisted of plastic cylinder cups 78 mm deep and 42 mm diameter filled with ca. 80 ml of a mixture of 96% alcohol and 0.05% liquid detergent. PF were buried in the soil so that the lip was flush with the surface and covered with a plastic plate at ca. 3 cm high, to avoid desiccation, flooding or insectivore predation. Traps remained in the soil for 7 days prior to collection. For each habitat type, and island, two replicate sites were monitored (with a minimum distance of 5 km apart), for a total of 80 sampling sites (i.e., 2 sites x 8 habitat types per island x 5 islands) each with one transects of 15 PF. Suction (SU) and sweeping (SW) sampling followed the parallel transects previously referred for the pitfall traps (PF) and were performed concomitantly with the latter. SU and SW were done to record species at strata other than the epigeic stratum. SU was made with a handheld aspirator (Stihl BG55), collecting the arthropods in shrubs, when available. SU was made individually for ca. 8 seconds, at each of 4 quadrant of the shrub or agro-culture plant. The specimens were transferred to a single cup. SW was made using a 1.5 m plastic stick to gently beat, twice, a primary branch at each quadrant of a given tree and using as a collecting device a 64 cm diameter sweeping net. The four samples per quadrant at a given sampling plant were then transferred to a single collecting cup. Berlese-Tullgreen sampling (BT) was made by collecting ca. 100 grams soil litter per sampling unit (15 samples for each transect established at PF sampling, above described). Samples were then stored in a cooler to avoid proliferation of saprophytic fungi and sent to the Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada. BT trap units consisted of two plastic darkened containers, assembled together to provide an upper vented area (14 cm diameter x 11.5 cm high) with 4 openings (1 cm diameter covered with a 0.3 x 0.3 mm diameter mesh), and coupled with a 15 W lamp on top. Thea lower collecting area (13 cm diameter x 10 cm high) and partially filled with ca. 80 ml of the same mixture used in PF. Litter samples were placed on a 1.8 x 1.8 mm mesh, attached to a plastic funnel positioned in the assembling zone between the two halves of the device. In order to avoid heat and dryness, Collembola crawl downward the littler sample and drop through the funnel into the collecting mixture. Litter samples remained for 72 h in BT before processing at laboratory facilities. One island per week was sampled during the summer 2009 (July-August). This eliminated seasonal stochastic effects. The total number of samples was 4800 [80 sampling sites x 4 different types of traps x 15 samples per site]. The samples were processed in laboratory facilities and assigned to morphospecies groups, progressing to higher taxonomic degrees of identifications. Species richness and abundance were recorded. Species accumulation curves were performed for inventory completeness using EstimateS (Colwell, 2011). Inventory completeness was 70-75% for Staphylinidae and Collembola (Marcelino et al 2011, Marcelino et al 2016), reaching 80% for Araneae and Hymenoptera parasitoids (data not published).

Quality Control

Identifications were conducted in a progressive higher degree of taxonomy resolution, i.e., 1) morphospecies were generated and, concomitantly, an ongoing web-based image gallery stock was created (at www.eden-azores.webs.com). This secured consistency assigning specimens to morpho-species without duplications; 2) voucher specimens of morpho-species were sent to Dr. Paulo A. V. Borges to determine genus and species, when possible; 3) species of Collembola and Staphylinidae were genetically profiled to match genetic & morphological ID’s; 4) All voucher specimens where sent to reference taxonomists in the respective Order, family, genus or group (taxonomists listed in the Personnel section of this report), which corroborated identifications from steps 1, 2 and 3.

Method steps

  1. See above details in Sampling description

Taxonomic Coverages

Araneae, Collembola, Insecta
  1. Araneae
    common name: Spiders rank: order
  2. Collembola
    common name: Springtails rank: order
  3. Insecta
    common name: Insects rank: class

Geographic Coverages

Azores (Portugal). Islands of Santa Maria, São Miguel, Terceira, Pico and Flores

Bibliographic Citations

Contacts

José Marcelino
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores; ce3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental
Rua Madre de Deus
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
Azores
PT
email: jmar06@gmail.com
homepage: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=26030035500
Paulo A. V. Borges
originator
position: Associate Professor
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze
Angra Do Heroismo
9700-042
Azores
PT
Telephone: +351968933212
email: paulo.av.borges@uac.pt
homepage: http://gba.uac.pt/member/paulo-a-v-borges
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623
Isabel Borges
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores; ce3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental
Rua da Mãe de Deus
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
Azores
PT
email: isabel.mm.borges@uac.pt
homepage: http://gba.uac.pt/member/isabel-marisa-mateus-borges
António Soares
originator
position: Auxiliary Professor
Universidade dos Açores; ce3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental
Rua da Mãe de Deus
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
Azores
PT
email: antonio.oc.soares@uac.pt
homepage: http://gba.uac.pt/member/antoacutenio-onofre-costa-miranda-soares
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7922-6296
José Marcelino
metadata author
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores; ce3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental
Rua Madre de Deus
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
Azores
PT
email: jmar06@gmail.com
homepage: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=26030035500
Paulo A. V. Borges
publisher
position: Associate Professor
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze
Angra do Heroísmo
9700-042
Azores
PT
Telephone: +351968933212
email: paulo.av.borges@uac.pt
homepage: http://gba.uac.pt/member/paulo-a-v-borges
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623
José Marcelino
administrative point of contact
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores; ce3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental
Rua Madre de Deus
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
Azores
PT
email: jmar06@gmail.com
homepage: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=26030035500
Paulo A. V. Borges
administrative point of contact
position: Associate Professor
Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group, CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João d´Ávila, Pico da Urze
Angra do Heroísmo
9700-042
Azores
PT
Telephone: +351968933212
email: paulo.av.borges@uac.pt
homepage: http://gba.uac.pt/member/paulo-a-v-borges
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623
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