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Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument

Citation

Carril O, Wilson J, Griswold T, Ikerd H I (2023). Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect-Biology, Management, Systematics Research. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867 accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-12-15.

Description

We conducted a large-scale, multi-year inventory of the bee fauna of one such area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), which is a large area of protected land that, until recently, incorporated nearly 1.9 million acres of the Colorado Plateau in south-central Utah. While the monument is dominated by cold-desert plant communities, plants associated with warmer ecoregions occur at its southern and western extents. The region includes a diverse flora, with many endemic species (Fertig, 2005). Elevations in the monument range from 1,356 to 2,316 m, and encompass stands of aspen (Populus tremuloides), ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa), pinyon (Pinus spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), grasslands, mixed desert scrub, meadows, and riparian zones. Temperatures range annually from −11 °C to 38 °C. Most precipitation occurs in the form of summer rainfall (average: 13.5 cm across the four years of our study, 2000–2003) with monsoonal weather events, but snow is also common throughout the monument from November through March (average across the years of the study: 11.7 cm) (Utah Climate Center, 2001–2005: https://climate.usu.edu/). Our study of GSENM used standardized bi-monthly sampling in one-hectare plots, supplemented by opportunistic collections, in order to determine the richness and diversity of bees in this protected area, assess short and long-term population fluctuations in bee species, as well as associate bees with habitat types. Prior to our study, knowledge of the fauna was limited to only 20 collector-days of sampling for the monument, and all were along major roads (Griswold, Parker & Tepedino, 1998). Our study provides an example of the usefulness of national monuments and parks for scientific studies of insects whose populations are difficult to quantify. Eventually, our research will result in additional publications on the spatial and temporal drivers of bee diversity on this landscape. For this particular paper, our focus is on documenting, summarizing, and broadly characterizing the diverse and unique bee fauna protected by GSENM. Specifically, we describe (1) the bee diversity, including new range boundaries and a summary of known life history traits, (2) spatial patterns, (3) seasonal patterns, and (4) floral relationships of the bee assemblage. Finally, we compare the diversity and composition of GSENM’s fauna with other known bee assemblages, and consider this community in the context of western bee distributions.

Sampling Description

Study Extent

We collected bees in GSENM over a period of four years (2000–2003) using both opportunistic collections and standardized bi-monthly sampling in one-hectare plots. This follows a protocol commonly used for bee studies, providing the opportunity for comparisons with other areas, past and future (LeBuhn, 2003)

Sampling

Across GSENM, and across the four years of the study, a total of 66 plots, each 50 m × 200 m were established; 11 plots were sampled all four years, 12 plots were sampled for three years, 12 were sampled two years, and 31 plots were sampled for just one year. Plot locations were stratified by habitat and represent a subset of plots documented by vegetation-mapping specialists working simultaneously in the monument (Stohlgren et al., 1998). Each plot was visited at approximately two-week intervals. On a given sampling day, pairs of collectors sampled each plot using aerial nets for two 45-minute periods—between 0900 and 1530, once before noon and once after. A plot visit, therefore, represents a total of 360 min (3 h) of collecting. An effort was made to collect the entire area of the plot evenly during a sampling period, and to collect from all bee-visited flowering plants in the plot. Collections were biased against honey bees—given a choice between collecting a feral honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus and another bee, the other bee was collected. Attempts were made to collect every native bee encountered. Most plants on which bees were collected were identified to species using regional keys (Welsh et al., 1993). The remaining plants were identified to genus. The number of plots established for regular visitation was balanced against coverage across the monument. Those plots that were sampled for multiple years were chosen because of their accessibility and because they were representative of the majority of the monument’s habitats.

Method steps

  1. Withheld Information. Some data has been withheld do to plant associations or sensitive locations. Fields associated with date, verbatim data, associated taxa, elevation and location may be withheld or fuzzed. Refer to the Darwin Core Fields "informationWithheld" and "DataGeneralizations" for specific information.

Additional info

Floral associations are based on Welsh, S. L., & Atwood, N. D. (2002). Flora of the bureau of land management Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and Kane County, Utah. Provo: Brigham Young University, 166.
When the Darwin core field Individualcount has a number greater than 1, this can represent a mating pair (male and female mounted on the same pin) or the use of a gel cap to house multiple specimens of the same sex on a single pin.
Specimens with the ownerInstitutionCode "GSENM" have been deposited with the visitor center as a synoptic collection.

Taxonomic Coverages

Here we serve data on a 4-year study of bees in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), found in southern Utah, USA as used in the paper "Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity" doi: 10.7717/peerj.5867
  1. Apoidea; Latreille, 1802
    common name: bees rank: superfamily

Geographic Coverages

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), which is a large area of protected land that, until recently, incorporated nearly 1.9 million acres of the Colorado Plateau in south-central Utah.

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