Flora Sumatra: Digitizing and data basing specimens of the Sumatran Flora deposited at Herbarium Universitas Andalas (ANDA)-Part 2

Study Extent

The collections hosted at the Herbarium ANDA were from research projects of faculties, foreign researchers, and students at the university. The collecting methods were using the standard collecting method for dried specimens. A few donated specimens were collected based on the collecting method used at the institutions from the specimen originated. The duplicates of the specimens were hosted across several herbarium, such as Bogoriense (BO), Singapore Botanical Garden (SING), and Botanical Garden of Edinburgh (E). The duplicate specimens that have not been sent were hosted at a designated room for duplicate specimens at the Herbarium ANDA. Every year, we add around 200 sheets of new specimens into the herbarium.

Sampling

The collecting method for the dried specimens was referred to published procedures of preparing herbarium materials (Bridson and Forman,1992). The plant materials were collected and pressed in the field then mounted on an A2 paper after the specimens were dried. Before installation into the herbarium cabinets, the specimens were put into plastic bags. Every sheet of specimens was labeled with the standard information for herbarium collections, including taxonomic identification, locality information, geo-references, collector information, and ecological data. For insect control, we freeze the specimens periodically in -20 degrees Celsius freezer for 72 hours. All of the specimens were stored in the herbarium cabinets. The storage rooms were equipped with temperature and humidity control. All of the specimens were in alphabetical orders based on the families, grouped in several groups of plants, such as dicots, monocots, ferns, and mosses.

Quality Control

We divided our working groups into two groups: a) taxonomic determination or identification group and b) data geo-referencing group. For taxonomic determination, the identification was verified by experts on the designated taxa, and also was using book references for the taxa (Ashton, 1982; Van Der Meijden, 1984; Kalkman, 1993; Shaw, 1981). The experts are writers and researchers for the area of studies and have published using the materials at the Herbarium ANDA (Utami, 2006; Hughes, 2009, 2015, Hernawati, 2006). The datum references for each coordinate were collected from the specimen labels using the WGS84 standard. If the coordinate of the locations was not recorded on the labels, we used Google Map to obtain the coordinate based on the locality information of the villages recorded on the labels.

Method steps

1. The information on the specimen labels is our main data source. For data collection, we conducted in three steps: data capture, data cleaning, and data publication. In the data capture process, we collected all the information on the specimen’s label, and we input the information into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets using Darwin-Core format. In this process, we grouped the specimen information into three groups, consisting of data occurrence, taxon information, and event. We save the file in csv (comma-separated values) format. We included specimen photos and scanning data into the database incorporated in associateMedia field. All the images were stored in flickr-pro media, which then will link with the filed in the dataset. We conducted data cleaning to ensure consistency and standardized data input for the dataset. We used OpenRefine for batch error handling, Canadensys tools for coordinate conversion, and Splink for coordinate verification. To verify the taxonomic nomenclature, we used resolver, iPlant collaborative, ECAT, and Plant list. All the tools we used are open-source software or available as an open online platform. Data publication includes data publishing on GBIF and scientific papers. We published all the dataset that has been cleaned and verified according to our standard on GBIF website using Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) available through the link http://ipt.biologi.lipi.go.id/. After verified by GBIF, all the data will be published under the publisher Herbarium of Andalas University, available through the link https://www.gbif.org/publisher/43f4255c-f218-4a17-857a-ba3ac8456191. The data paper is written following the metadata template available in the IPT. For scientific papers, we will publish the data following the targeted journal format.

We have digitized 17,600 sheets of specimens in the group of Magnoliopsida. Consisting of 14 families: Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Melastomataceae, Primulaceae, Rutaceae and Ulmaceae. In total, we have digitized 631 species, 118 in genera rank and 194 in family rank. The most digitized specimens in amount are Leguminosae and Melastomataceae. Among all of the species that have been digitized, 96 species are listed in IUCN Redlist database, consisting of Least Concern (85 species), Data Deficient (3 species), Vulnerable (6 species), Near Threatened (1 species) and Endangered (1 species) (IUCN, 2019).

1. Acanthus ilicifolius
   common name: Jeruju rank: species
2. Andrographis paniculata
   common name: Sambiloto rank: species
3. Asystasia gangetica
   common name: Rumput israel rank: species
4. Graptophyllum pictum
   common name: Caricature plant rank: species
5. Justicia adhatoda
   common name: Baja hitam rank: species
6. Justicia gendarussa
   common name: Gandarusa rank: species
7. Justicia procumbens
   common name: Water willow rank: species
8. Pachystachys lutea
   common name: Lolipop rank: species
9. Sanchezia nobilis
   common name: Marathi rank: species
10. Strobilanthes hamiltoniana
    common name: Bunga lonceng cina rank: species
11. Anacardium occidentale
    common name: Jambu monyet rank: species
12. Bouea oppositifolia
    common name: Plum Mango rank: species
13. Buchanania arborescens
    common name: Sparrow's mango rank: species
14. Campnosperma auriculatum
    common name: Tarantang rank: species
15. Gluta elegans
    common name: Rengas rank: species
16. Mangifera odorata
    common name: Kuwini rank: species
17. Anaxagorea javanica
    common name: Akar angin rank: species
18. Annona muricata
    common name: Sirsak rank: species
19. Annona reticulata
    common name: Buah nona rank: species
20. Cananga odorata
    common name: Kenanga rank: species
21. Meiogyne cylindrocarpa
    common name: Indian rosewood rank: species
22. Monoon fuscum
    common name: Mempisang rank: species
23. Polyalthia cauliflora
    common name: Merpisang rank: species
24. Adenium obesum
    common name: Desert rose rank: species
25. Allamanda cathartica
    common name: Allamanda rank: species
26. Alstonia angustiloba
    common name: Pulai Hitam rank: species
27. Alstonia macrophylla
    common name: Pulai rank: species
28. Alstonia scholaris
    common name: Pulai rank: species
29. Alstonia spatulata
    common name: Pulai gabus rank: species
30. Alyxia
    common name: Palasan rank: genus
31. Catharanthus roseus
    common name: Tapak dara rank: species
32. Dyera costulata
    common name: Jelutung rank: species
33. Kopsia fruticosa
    common name: Kopsia merah muda rank: species
34. Nerium oleander
    common name: Bunga jepun rank: species
35. Plumeria rubra
    common name: Bunga kamboja rank: species
36. Tabernaemontana divaricata
    common name: Melati mini rank: species
37. Tabernaemontana pauciflora
    common name: Melati hias rank: species
38. Voacanga foetida
    common name: Kalempong gajah rank: species
39. Acmella paniculata
    common name: Jotang rank: species
40. Adenostemma lavenia
    common name: Palau rank: species
41. Ageratum conyzoides
    common name: Siamih rank: species
42. Anaphalis javanica
    common name: Edelweiss jawa rank: species
43. Anaphalis latifolia
    common name: Edelweiss rank: species
44. Anaphalis longifolia
    common name: Anaphalis rank: species
45. Artemisia vulgaris
    common name: Baru cina rank: species
46. Bidens pilosa
    common name: Ketul rank: species
47. Clibadium surinamense
    common name: Conami rank: species
48. Conyza sumatrensis
    common name: Tall fleabane rank: species
49. Coreopsis grandiflora
    common name: Large-flowered tickseed rank: species
50. Cosmos caudatus
    common name: Ulam raja rank: species
51. Cosmos sulphureus
    common name: Sulfur cosmos rank: species
52. Eclipta prostrata
    common name: Urang aring rank: species
53. Elephantopus tomentosus
    common name: Woolly Elephant's Foot rank: species
54. Erechtites valerianifolia
    common name: Tropical burnweed rank: species
55. Euchiton japonicus
    common name: Father-and-child plant rank: species
56. Chromolaena odorata
    common name: Communist pacha rank: species
57. Gynura procumbens
    common name: Longevity spinach rank: species
58. Helianthus annuus
    common name: Bunga matahari rank: species
59. Siegesbeckia orientalis
    common name: Common St. Paul's Wort rank: species
60. Tagetes erecta
    common name: Bunga tai ayam rank: species
61. Wollastonia biflora
    common name: Wedelia rank: species
62. Ipomoea
    common name: Katang-katang rank: species
63. Ipomoea aquatica
    common name: Kangkung rank: species
64. Ipomoea batatas
    common name: Ubi jalar rank: species
65. Ipomoea cairica
    common name: Ubi kates rank: species
66. Ipomoea mauritiana
    common name: Akar lanar rank: species
67. Ipomoea obscura
    common name: Obscure morning glory rank: species
68. Ipomoea pes-caprae
    common name: Katang-katang rank: species
69. Ipomoea quamoclit
    common name: Rincik bumi rank: species
70. Ipomoea triloba
    common name: Three-lobe morning glory rank: species
71. Jacquemontia tomentella
    common name: Akar kumiet rank: species
72. Cucurbita moschata
    common name: Labu kuning rank: species
73. Gynostemma pentaphyllum
    common name: Five-leaf ginseng rank: species
74. Diospyros malabarica
    common name: Culiket rank: species
75. Diospyros perfida
    common name: Tuba api rank: species
76. Diospyros sumatrana
    common name: Kayu arang rank: species
77. Diospyros wallichii
    common name: Kayu malam rank: species
78. Actinodaphne borneensis
    common name: Madang rank: species
79. Actinodaphne ellipticibacca
    common name: Madang rank: species
80. Actinodaphne glabra
    common name: Madang rank: species
81. Actinodaphne johorensis
    common name: Madang rank: species
82. Actinodaphne sesquipedalis
    common name: Madang rank: species
83. Cinnamomum burmannii
    common name: Kulik manih rank: species
84. Cinnamomum tenuifolium
    common name: Japan cinnamon rank: species
85. Cinnamomum javanicum
    common name: Kayu tuha rank: species
86. Cinnamomum porrectum
    common name: Thep Taro rank: species
87. Persea americana
    common name: Pokat rank: species
88. Phoebe grandis
    common name: Madang silau rank: species
89. Phoebe macrophylla
    common name: Madang kuning rank: species
90. Abrus precatorius
    common name: Sago rank: species
91. Acacia auriculiformis
    common name: Akasia rank: species
92. Acacia mangium
    common name: Akasia rank: species
93. Adenanthera pavonina
    common name: Sago rank: species
94. Aeschynomene americana
    common name: American joint vetch rank: species
95. Aeschynomene indica
    common name: Indian joint vetch rank: species
96. Arachis hypogaea
    common name: Kacang tanah rank: species
97. Archidendron jiringa
    common name: Jariang rank: species
98. Bauhinia acuminata
    common name: Bunga kupu-kupu putih rank: species
99. Bauhinia bidentata
    common name: Climbing bauhinia rank: species
100. Bauhinia kockiana
     common name: Orange bauhinia rank: species
101. Bauhinia purpurea
     common name: Tayuman rank: species
102. Bauhinia semibifida
     common name: Butterfly climber rank: species
103. Bauhinia tomentosa
     common name: Anggrek lonceng kuning rank: species
104. Bauhinia variegata
     common name: Mountain ebony rank: species
105. Caesalpinia crista
     common name: Kebiul rank: species
106. Caesalpinia pulcherrima
     common name: Kembang merak rank: species
107. Cajanus cajan
     common name: Kacang gude rank: species
108. Callerya atropurpurea
     common name: Kasae rank: species
109. Calliandra calothyrsus
     common name: Kaliandra rank: species
110. Calopogonium mucunoides
     common name: Kalopo rank: species
111. Canavalia gladiata
     common name: Kacang Koro Pedang rank: species
112. Cassia fistula
     common name: Golden shower tree rank: species
113. Cassia grandis
     common name: Pink shower tree rank: species
114. Cassia javanica
     common name: Java cassia rank: species
115. Senna siamea
     common name: Johar rank: species
116. Centrosema pubescens
     common name: Butterfly pea rank: species
117. Clitoria ternatea
     common name: Bunga telang rank: species
118. Crotalaria incana
     common name: Shakeshake rank: species
119. Crotalaria juncea
     common name: Orok-orok rank: species
120. Crotalaria verrucosa
     common name: Blue rattlepod rank: species
121. Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. Ovalifolium
     common name: Sweetheart rank: species
122. Erythrina variegata
     common name: Dadap rank: species
123. Flemingia macrophylla
     common name: Enoki-mame rank: species
124. Flemingia strobilifera
     common name: Wild hops rank: species
125. Glycine max
     common name: Kacang kedele rank: species
126. Leucaena leucocephala
     common name: Leadtrees rank: species
127. Mucuna pruriens
     common name: Kacang babi rank: species
128. Pachyrhizus erosus
     common name: Bengkoang rank: species
129. Parkia speciosa
     common name: Patai rank: species
130. Phaseolus lunatus
     common name: Kacang lima rank: species
131. Phaseolus vulgaris
     common name: Buncis rank: species
132. Phyllodium pulchellum
     common name: Showy desmodium rank: species
133. Pterocarpus indicus
     common name: Angsano rank: species
134. Saraca indica
     common name: Pohon asoka rank: species
135. Senna alata
     common name: Ketepeng cina rank: species
136. Vigna radiata
     common name: Kacang hijau rank: species
137. Bellucia pentamera
     common name: Jambu lelen rank: species
138. Clidemia hirta
     common name: Senduduk bulu rank: species
139. Melastoma malabathricum
     common name: Sikaduduak rank: species
140. Memecylon acuminatissimum
     common name: Mutik rank: species
141. Pachycentria constricta
     common name: Whitethorn acacia rank: species
142. Pternandra azurea
     common name: Siri-siri rank: species
143. Ardisia purpurea
     common name: Kayu lundong rank: species
144. Aegiceras corniculatum
     common name: Black mangrove rank: species
145. Ardisia
     common name: Coralberry rank: genus
146. Ardisia elliptica
     common name: Lempeni rank: species
147. Ardisia javanica
     common name: Marlberry rank: species
148. Ardisia teysmanniana
     common name: Kumpang rank: species
149. Citrus amblycarpa
     common name: Limau rank: species
150. Citrus x aurantiifolia
     common name: Jeruk nipis rank: species
151. Citrus japonica
     common name: Kumquat rank: species
152. Citrus maxima
     common name: Jeruk bali rank: species
153. Citrus medica
     common name: Jeruk sukade rank: species
154. Citrus sinensis
     common name: Jeruk manis rank: species
155. Clausena excavata
     common name: Sicerek rank: species
156. Murraya paniculata
     common name: Kemuning rank: species
157. Trema orientalis
     common name: Indarung rank: species
158. Acanthaceae
     common name: Acanthus rank: family
159. Anacardiaceae
     common name: Mangga-manggaan rank: family
160. Annonaceae
     common name: Custard Apple rank: family
161. Apocynaceae
     common name: Dogbane rank: family
162. Compositae
     common name: Aster rank: family
163. Convolvulaceae
     common name: Binweed rank: family
164. Cucurbitaceae
     common name: Labu-labuan rank: family
165. Ebenaceae
     common name: Kayu Hitam rank: family
166. Lauraceae
     common name: Madang-madangan rank: family
167. Leguminosae
     common name: Polong-polongan rank: family
168. Melastomataceae
     common name: Melastomata rank: family
169. Primulaceae
     common name: Primrose rank: family
170. Rutaceae
     common name: Jeruk-jerukan rank: family
171. Ulmaceae
     common name: Elms rank: family

The specimens hosted at the Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA) are primarily from Sumatra. With 473,481 km² in size, the island is the sixth biggest island in the world. It is tropical island located at the coordinate 0° 0′ 0″ N, 102° 0′ 0″ E. The specimens hosted at the herbarium were from several provinces, such as West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, North Sumatra, Aceh, Bengkulu and Lampung. The specimens were also collected from conservation areas on Sumatra, such as the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Siberut National Park, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Lurah Berangin Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area, and Syarif Hasyim Forest Park Conservation Area. All of the collections were collected from wide range of altitudinal elevations and habitats, from lowland tropical forest up to highland forest as well as montane forest on the Bukit Barisan Mountains. In general, the collections were from volcanoes on Sumatra, such as Mt. Sibayak, Mt. Sinabung, Mt. Sorik Merapi, Mt. Pangulubao, Mt. Sibuatan, Mt. Talamau, Mt. Sago, Mt. Marapi, Mt. Singgalang, Mt. Tandikek, Mt. Gadut, Mt. Talang, Mt. Tujuh, Mt. Kerinci, Mt. Pesagi.