Marine algal flora of Santa Maria Island, Azores

Ana Isabel Neto; Manuela I Parente; Eva Cacabelos; Ana Cristina Costa; Andrea Botelho; Enric Ballesteros; Sandra Monteiro; Roberto Resendes; Pedro Afonso; Afonso C. L. Prestes; Rita F. Patarra; Nuno Vaz Álvaro; David Milla-Figueras; Raul M. A. Neto; José M. N. Azevedo; Ignacio Moreu

doi:10.15468/6t74eu

Marine algal flora of Santa Maria Island, Azores

Citation

Neto A I, Parente M I, Cacabelos E, Costa A C, Botelho A, Ballesteros E, Monteiro S, Resendes R, Afonso P, Prestes A C L, Patarra R F, Álvaro N V, Milla-Figueras D, Neto R M A, Azevedo J M N, Moreu I, Parente M I (2020). Marine algal flora of Santa Maria Island, Azores. Version 1.3. Universidade dos Açores. Sampling event dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/6t74eu accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-12-13.

Description

Background The algal flora of the Island of Santa Maria (eastern group of the Azores archipelago) has attracted interest of many researchers on numerous past occasions (such as Drouët 1866; Agardh 1870; Trelease 1897; Schmidt 1931; Ardré et al. 1974; Fralick & Hehre 1990; Neto et al. 1991; Morton & Britton 2000; Amen et al. 2005; Wallenstein & Neto 2006; Tittley et al. 2009; Wallenstein et al. 2009a, 2010; Botelho et al. 2010; Torres et al. 2010; León-Cisneros et al. 2011; Martins et al. 2014; Micael et al. 2014; Rebelo et al. 2014; Ávila et al. 2015, 2016; Machín-Sánchez et al. 2016; Uchman et al. 2016; Johnson et al. 2017; Parente et al. 2018). Nevertheless, the Island macroalgal flora is not well-known as published information reflects limited collections obtained in short term visits by scientists. To overcome this, a thorough investigation, encompassing collections and presence data recording, was undertaken at both the littoral and sublittoral levels down to a depth of approximately 40 m, covering an area of approximately 64 km. The resultant taxonomic records are listed in the present paper which also provides information on species ecology and occurrence around the Island, improving, thereby, the knowledge of the Azorean macroalgal flora at both local and regional scales.

New information A total of 2329 specimens (including some taxa identified only to genus level) belonging to 261 taxa of macroalgae are registered, comprising 152 Rhodophyta, 43 Chlorophyta and 66 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae). Of these, 176 were identified to species level (103 Rhodophyta, 29 Chlorophyta and 44 Ochrophyta), encompassing 52 new records for the Island (30 Rhodophyta, 9 Chlorophyta and 13 Ochrophyta), 2 Macaronesian endemisms (Laurencia viridis Gil-Rodríguez & Haroun; and Millerella tinerfensis (Seoane-Camba) S.M.Boo & J.M.Rico), 11 introduced (the Rhodophyta Acrothamnion preissii (Sonder) E.M.Wollaston, Antithamnion hubbsii E.Y.Dawson, Asparagopsis armata Harvey, Asparagopsis armata Harvey phase Falkenbergia rufolanosa (Harvey) F.Schmitz, Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot, Melanothamnus harveyi (Bailey) Díaz-Tapia & Maggs, Scinaia acuta M.J.Wynne and Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg; the Chlorophyta Codium fragile subsp. fragile (Suringar) Hariot; and the Ochrophyta Hydroclathrus tilesii (Endlicher) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, and Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki), and 19 species of uncertain status (11 Rhodophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 5 Ochrophyta).

Introduction The marine algal flora of the isolated mid-Atlantic Azores archipelago is considered cosmopolitan, with species shared with Macaronesia, North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Europe and America (Tittley 2003, Tittley & Neto 2006, Wallenstein et al. 2009b), and relatively rich when compared to that of other remote oceanic Islands (Neto et al. 2005, Tittley & Neto 2005, Wallenstein et al. 2009b). A recent publication by Freitas et al. (2019) list around 400 species of marine macroalgae to the Azores and, in a comparison with other mid-Atlantic archipelagos, reports that the Canary Islands, with 689 species, are by far the most diverse archipelago, followed by the Azores (405), Madeira (396), Cabo Verde (333) and the Selvagens (295 species). Those authors, based on extensive analysis encompassing data on coastal fishes, brachyurans, polychaetes, gastropods echinoderms and macroalgae, suggested that the Azores should be a biogeographical entity of its own and proposed a redefinition of the Lusitanian biogeographical province, in which they consider four ecoregions: the South European Atlantic Shelf, the Saharan Upwelling, the Azores ecoregion, and a new ecoregion they named Webbnesia, which comprises the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands. It is worth considering that the paper by Freitas et al. (2019) reflects data from only a few of the nine Islands, since not all of them have been thoroughly investigated. São Miguel, with a total number of algal species of 260 at the moment, is the Island with the largest amount of research dedicated to the subject. To overcome this, provide a better understanding of the archipelago’s seaweed flora, research has been conducted over the past three decades on all the Islands. Data on the Islands of Corvo and Flores, Graciosa, Pico, and Terceira is already available on the recently published papers by Neto et al. (2020 a, b, c, d). The present paper presents both physical and occurrence data, and information gathered from macroalgae surveys undertaken on Santa Maria Island mainly by the Island Aquatic Research Group of the Azorean Biodiversity Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/sub-team/island-aquatic-ecology) the BIOISLE, Biodiversity and Islands Research Group of CIBIO-Açores at the University of the Azores (Link: https://cibio.up.pt/research-groups-1/details/bioisle), and the OKEANOS Centre of the University of the Azores (Link: http://www.okeanos.uac.pt). In these surveys particular attention was given to the small filamentous and thin sheet like forms that are often short-lived and fast-growing, and usually very difficult to identify in the wild, without the aid of a microscope and specialised literature in the laboratory. The paper aims to provide a valuable marine biological tool for research on systematics, diversity and conservation, biological monitoring, climate change and ecology for academics, students, government, private organizations and the general public.

Purpose: In this paper we present taxonomic records of macroalgae for Santa Maria and provide general information on their occurrence and distribution. By doing this, we are contributing to address several biodiversity shortfalls (see Cardoso et al. 2011, Hortal et al. 2015), namely the need to catalogue the Azorean macroalgae (Linnean shortfall) and improve the current information on their local and regional geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), as well as on species abundance and dynamics in space (Prestonian shortfall).

Sampling Description

Study Extent

The present paper includes sampling performed on a relatively large area, of approximately 64 km, covering littoral and sublittoral levels down to approximately 40 m around the Island.

Sampling

Sampling involved specimen collecting and species presence recording. For the former, at each location samples were obtained by scraping and/ or manually collecting one or two specimens of all different species found into labelled bags. Species recording data was gathered by registering all species present in the sampled locations visited. Intertidal collections were made during low tide by walking over the shores. Subtidal collections were made by SCUBA diving around the area.

Quality Control

Each sampled taxon was identified by trained taxonomists and involved morphological and anatomical observations of whole specimens by eye, and/or of histological preparations under microscopes to determine the main diagnostic features of each species as described in the literature.

Method steps

At the laboratory standard procedures were followed in specimens sorting and macroalgae identification. A combination of morphological and anatomical characters and reproductive structures was used for species identification. For small and simple thalli, this required the observation of the entire thallus with the naked eye and/or using dissecting and compound microscopes. For larger and more complex algae, investigation of the thallus anatomy required histological preparations (longitudinal and transverse sections) or squashed preparations of mucilaginous thalli, sometimes after staining, to observe vegetative and reproductive structures and other diagnostic features. The Azorean algal flora has components from several geographical regions which causes difficulties in species identification. Floras and keys for the North Atlantic, Tropical Atlantic and Western Mediterranean were used (e.g. Schmidt 1931, Taylor 1967, 1978, Levring 1974, Dixon & Irvine 1977, Lawson & John 1982, Irvine 1983, Gayral & Cosson 1986, Fletcher 1987, Afonso-Carrillo & Sansón 1989, Burrows 1991, Boudouresque et al. 1992, Cabioc'h et al. 1992, Maggs & Hommersand 1993, Irvine & Chamberlain 1994, Brodie et al. 2007, Lloréns et al. 2012 and Rodríguez-Prieto et al. 2013). For more critical and taxonomically difficult taxa, specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum (London) for comparison with collections there. A reference collection was made for all collected specimens by assigning them an herbarium code number and depositing them at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha and the LSM- Molecular Systematics Laboratory, University of Azores. Depending on the species and on planned further research, different types of collections were made, namely (i) wet collections using 5% buffered formaldehyde seawater and then replacing it by the fixing agent Kew (Bridsen & Forman 1999); (ii) dried collections, either by pressing the algae (most species) as described by Gayral and Cosson (1986), or by letting them air dry (calcareous species); and (iii) silica gel collections for molecular study. Nomenclatural and taxonomic status used here follow Algaebase (Guiry & Guiry, 2020). The database was organized on FileMaker Pro.

Additional info

Additional information on this study may also be requested to the first author.

Taxonomic Coverages

All macroalgae were identified to genus or species level. In total, 261 taxa were identified belonging to 28 orders and 60 families, distributed by the phyla Rhodophyta (14 orders and 34 families), Chlorophyta (5 orders and 9 families), and Ochrophyta (9 orders and 17 families).

Rhodophyta
common name: Red algae rank: phylum
Chlorophyta
common name: Green algae rank: phylum
Ochrophyta
common name: Brown algae rank: phylum

Geographic Coverages

Santa Maria Island Description: Azores, Portugal (approximately 37°1'19''N, -25°11'24''W); Coordinates: 37.022 N and 36.918 S Latitude; -25.190 W and -25.009 E Longitude

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Contacts

Ana Isabel Neto
originator
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Manuela I Parente
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Eva Cacabelos
originator
position: Postdoctoral fellow
MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI)
Edif. Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 2, Caminho da Penteada
Funchal
9020-105
Madeira
PT
Telephone: +351910354122
email: ecacabelos@mare-centre.pt
homepage: https://www.mare-centre.pt/pt/user/7945
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-6510

Ana Cristina Costa
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
Telephone: +351296650000
email: ana.cm.costa@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/arcosta
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-3460

Andrea Botelho
originator
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: andrea.zc.botelho@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/azbotelho
userId: https://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-2979

Enric Ballesteros
originator
position: Researcher
Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes-CSIC
Acc. Cala Sant Francesc 14
Blanes
17320
Girona
ES
Telephone: +34972336101
email: kike@ceab.csic.es
homepage: http://www.ceab.csic.es/es/persona/ballesteros-sagarra-kike/
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-5337

Sandra Monteiro
originator
position: Research Technician
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: sandra.cs.monteiro@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/smonteiro

Roberto Resendes
originator
position: Curator at the AZB Herbarium Ruy Telles Palhinha
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000, ext. 1731
email: roberto.resendes@uac.pt

Pedro Afonso
originator
position: Senior Researcher
IMAR/Okeanos – University of the Azores
Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado
Horta
9901-862
Faial, Açores
PT
email: pafonsopim@gmail.com
homepage: http://www.okeanos.uac.pt/equipa
userId: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4618-2589

Afonso C. L. Prestes
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: afonso.cl.prestes@uac.pt
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/afonsoprestes
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-251X

Rita F. Patarra
originator
position: Project manager and Science Communicator
Expolab - Ciência Viva Science Centre
Avenida da Ciência - Beta, n.º 8
Lagoa
9560-421
São Miguel, Açores
PT
email: rita.patarra@expolab.pt
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaritapatarra
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-9063

Nuno Vaz Álvaro
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, CCMMG (Centro do Clima Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais), IITA-A (Instituto de Investigação e Tecnologias Agrárias e do Ambiente)
Campus de Angra do Heroísmo Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze
Angra do Heroísmo
9700-042
Terceira, Açores
PT
email: nuno.ms.alvaro@uac.pt
homepage: http://cita.angra.uac.pt/clima/equipa/ver.php?id=245
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6967-7170

David Milla-Figueras
originator
position: Collaborator
IMAR/Okeanos – University of the Azores
Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores, Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado
Horta
9901-862
Faial, Açores
PT
email: davidmfigueras@gmail.com
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-2664

Raul M. A. Neto
originator
position: Bachelor in Biology
NA
PT
email: raulmaneto@gmail.com

José M. N. Azevedo
originator
position: Auxiliary professor and Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
email: jose.mv.azevedo@uac.pt
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/jose-manuel-viegas-de-oliveira-neto-azevedo
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-1371

Ignacio Moreu
originator
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Ana Isabel Neto
metadata author
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Ignacio Moreu
metadata author
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Manuela I. Parente
metadata author
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Ana Isabel Neto
author
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636

Ignacio Moreu
author
position: Researcher
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: nacho.moreu.badia@gmail.com
homepage: https://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/Ignacio_Moreu_Badia
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-4668

Manuela I. Parente
author
position: Researcher
CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Universidade dos Açores
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650000
email: manuela.ip.cardoso@uac.pt
homepage: https://cibio.up.pt/people/details/macardoso
userId: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7155

Ana Isabel Neto
administrative point of contact
position: Associate professor with aggregation
Universidade dos Açores, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biologia and Grupo de Investigação Aquática Insular, IBBC-GBA/cE3c
Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A
Ponta Delgada
9500-321
São Miguel, Açores
PT
Telephone: +351296650567
email: ana.im.neto@uac.pt
homepage: http://ce3c.ciencias.ulisboa.pt/member/anaisabelneto
userId: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0708-5636