Flora of Sumatra : Vascular plant collection from Batang Toru Forest deposited in ANDA Herbarium

Study Extent

The collections hosted at the Herbarium ANDA were from research in Batang Toru Forest. The collecting methods were using the standard collecting method for dried specimens.

Sampling

The collecting method for the dried specimens was referred to published procedures of preparing herbarium materials (Bridson and Forman,1992). The plant materials were collected and pressed in the field then mounted on an A2 paper after the specimens were dried. Before installation into the herbarium cabinets, the specimens were put into plastic bags. Every sheet of specimens was labeled with the standard information for herbarium collections, including taxonomic identification, locality information, geo-references, collector information, and ecological data. For insect control, we freeze the specimens periodically in -20 degrees Celsius freezer for 72 hours. The storage rooms were equipped with temperature and humidity control. All of the specimens were in alphabetical orders based on the families, grouped in several groups of plants, such as dicots and monocots.

Quality Control

We divided our working groups into two groups: a) taxonomic determination or identification group and b) data geo-referencing group. For taxonomic determination, the identification was verified by experts on the designated taxa, and also was using book references for the taxa (Ashton, 1982; Ng, 1978; Ng, 1989; Kalkman, 1993; Shaw, 1981; Whitmore, 1972; Symington, 1974). The datum references for each coordinate were collected from the specimen labels using the WGS84 standard.

Method steps

1. The information on the specimen labels is our main data source. For data collection, we conducted in three steps: data capture, data cleaning, and data publication. In the data capture process, we collected all the information on the specimen’s label, and we input the information into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets using Darwin-Core format. In this process, we grouped the specimen information into three groups, consisting of data occurrence, taxon information, and event. We save the file in csv (comma-separated values) format. We included specimen photos and scanning data into the database incorporated in associateMedia field. All the images were stored in flickr-pro media, which then will link with the filed in the dataset. We conducted data cleaning to ensure consistency and standardized data input for the dataset. We used OpenRefine for batch error handling, Canadensys tools for coordinate conversion, and Splink for coordinate verification. To verify the taxonomic nomenclature, we used resolver, iPlant collaborative, ECAT, and Plant list. All the tools we used are open-source software or available as an open online platform. Data publication includes data publishing on GBIF and scientific papers. We published all the dataset that has been cleaned and verified according to our standard on GBIF website using Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) available through the link http://ipt.biologi.lipi.go.id/.

We have digitized 3682 sheets of specimens in the group of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, consisting of 97 families: Acanthaceae, Achariaceae, Actinidiaceae, Adoxaceae, Altingiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Araliaceae, Araucariaceae, Arecaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Asparagaceae, Begoniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Campanulaceae, Cannabaceae, Casuarinaceae, Celastraceae, Centroplacaceae, Chloranthaceae, Clethraceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Commelinaceae, Connaraceae, Cornaceae, Crypteroniaceae, Cunoniaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Datiscaceae, Dilleniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Gentianaceae, Gesneriaceae, Gnetaceae, Haloragaceae, Hammamelidaceae, Hanguanaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Juglandaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nepenthaceae, Ochnaceae, Orchidaceae, Pandaceae, Pandanaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Podocarpaceae, Polygalaceae, Primulaceae, Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sabiaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Schisandraceae, Simaroubaceae, Smilacaceae, Staphylaceae, Stemonuraceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Theaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Torricelliaceae, Urticaceae, Vitaceae, Xanthorrhoeceae. In total, we have digitized 1033 species in 288 genera from all the families. The most digitized genera are in the family of Euphorbiaceae. Among all of the species that have been digitized, 159 species are listed in IUCN Redlist database, consisting of Conservation dependent (2 species), Data deficient (3 species), Least Concern (117 species), Vulnerable (11 species), Near Threatened (11 species), Endangered (6 species) and Critically Endangered (9 species) (IUCN, 2019). Furthermore, 6 species are listed as protected species under the government regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018). Among all the species that have been digitized, 12 species are endemic to Sumatra.

1. Acanthaceae
   common name: Acanthus rank: family
2. Achariaceae
   common name: Acharia rank: family
3. Actinidiaceae
   common name: Chinese gooseberry rank: family
4. Adoxaceae
   common name: Moschatel rank: family
5. Altingiaceae
   common name: Rasamala rank: family
6. Anacardiaceae
   common name: Cashew rank: family
7. Annonaceae
   common name: Custard apple rank: family
8. Apocynaceae
   common name: Dogbane rank: family
9. Aquifoliaceae
   common name: Holly rank: family
10. Araceae
    common name: Arum rank: family
11. Araliaceae
    common name: Ginseng rank: family
12. Araucariaceae
    common name: Araucarians rank: family
13. Arecaceae
    common name: Palm tree rank: family
14. Aristolochiaceae
    common name: Dutchman's pipe rank: family
15. Asparagaceae
    common name: Asparagus rank: family
16. Begoniaceae
    common name: Begonia rank: family
17. Bignoniaceae
    common name: Bignonias rank: family
18. Boraginaceae
    common name: Borage rank: family
19. Burseraceae
    common name: Torchwood rank: family
20. Campanulaceae
    common name: Bellflower rank: family
21. Cannabaceae
    common name: Hemp rank: family
22. Casuarinaceae
    common name: Sheoak rank: family
23. Celastraceae
    common name: Staff tree rank: family
24. Centroplacaceae
    rank: family
25. Chloranthaceae
    rank: family
26. Clethraceae
    rank: family
27. Clusiaceae
    common name: Bintangor rank: family
28. Commelinaceae
    common name: Spiderwort rank: family
29. Connaraceae
    common name: Zebrawoordt rank: family
30. Cornaceae
    common name: Dogwood rank: family
31. Crypteroniaceae
    rank: family
32. Cunoniaceae
    common name: Butterspoon tree rank: family
33. Daphniphyllaceae
    common name: Daphne-leaf rank: family
34. Datiscaceae
    common name: Datiscas rank: family
35. Dilleniaceae
    common name: Simpoh rank: family
36. Dioscoreaceae
    common name: Air potato rank: family
37. Dipterocarpaceae
    common name: Keruing rank: family
38. Ebenaceae
    common name: Ebony rank: family
39. Elaeocarpaceae
    common name: Mendong rank: family
40. Ericaceae
    common name: Cantigi rank: family
41. Euphorbiaceae
    common name: Spurge rank: family
42. Fabaceae
    common name: Legume rank: family
43. Fagaceae
    common name: Oak rank: family
44. Gesneriaceae
    common name: Mapele rank: family
45. Gnetaceae
    rank: family
46. Haloragaceae
    common name: Watermilfoil rank: family
47. Hamamelidaceae
    common name: Witch-hazel rank: family
48. Hanguanaceae
    rank: family
49. Hypericaceae
    rank: family
50. Hypoxidaceae
    rank: family
51. Ixonanthaceae
    common name: Sangkan merah rank: family
52. Juglandaceae
    common name: Walnut rank: family
53. Lamiaceae
    common name: Deadnettle rank: family
54. Lauraceae
    common name: Laurel rank: family
55. Loganiaceae
    rank: family
56. Loranthaceae
    rank: family
57. Magnoliaceae
    common name: Magnolia rank: family
58. Malvaceae
    common name: Mallow rank: family
59. Melastomataceae
    common name: Melastoma rank: family
60. Meliaceae
    common name: Mallow rank: family
61. Moraceae
    common name: Mulberry rank: family
62. Myristicaceae
    common name: Nutmeg rank: family
63. Myrtaceae
    common name: Myrtle rank: family
64. Nepenthaceae
    common name: Pitcher plant rank: family
65. Ochnaceae
    rank: family
66. Orchidaceae
    common name: Orchid rank: family
67. Pandaceae
    common name: Kayu busih rank: family
68. Pandanaceae
    common name: Screw pine rank: family
69. Pentaphylacaceae
    rank: family
70. Piperaceae
    common name: Pepper rank: family
71. Podocarpaceae
    common name: Podocarp rank: family
72. Polygalaceae
    common name: Milwort rank: family
73. Primulaceae
    common name: Sasapuan rank: family
74. Proteaceae
    common name: Protea rank: family
75. Rhamnaceae
    common name: Buckthorn rank: family
76. Rhizophoraceae
    rank: family
77. Rosaceae
    common name: Rose rank: family
78. Rubiaceae
    common name: Madder rank: family
79. Rutaceae
    common name: Rue rank: family
80. Sabiaceae
    rank: family
81. Salicaceae
    common name: Willow rank: family
82. Sapindaceae
    common name: Soapberry rank: family
83. Sapotaceae
    common name: Manatu rank: family
84. Schisandraceae
    common name: Stavine rank: family
85. Simaroubaceae
    common name: Quassia rank: family
86. Smilacaceae
    common name: Greenbrier rank: family
87. Staphylaceae
    common name: Bladdernut rank: family
88. Symplocaceae
    common name: Asiatic sweetleaf rank: family
89. Theaceae
    common name: Tea plant rank: family
90. Thymelaeaceae
    rank: family
91. Torricelliaceae
    common name: Sebalai rank: family
92. Urticaceae
    common name: Nettle rank: family
93. Vitaceae
    common name: Grape rank: family
94. Xanthorrhoeaceae
    rank: family
95. Acalypha
    common name: Cooper leaf rank: genus
96. Acer
    common name: Maple rank: genus
97. Acronychia
    rank: genus
98. Actinodaphne
    common name: Medan payung rank: genus
99. Adinandra
    common name: Tetiup rank: genus
100. Aeschynanthus
     common name: Lipstick plant rank: genus
101. Agathis
     common name: Damar minyak rank: genus
102. Agelaea
     common name: Akar itam rank: genus
103. Aglaia
     common name: Aglaia rank: genus
104. Aidia
     common name: Archer Cherry rank: genus
105. Alangium
     common name: Jadam rank: genus
106. Allomorphia
     rank: genus
107. Allophyllus
     common name: Pamaman rank: genus
108. Alphonsea
     common name: Pisang-pisang rank: genus
109. Alseodaphne
     common name: Medang rank: genus
110. Alstonia
     common name: Pulai rank: genus
111. Altingia
     common name: Rasamala rank: genus
112. Amischolotype
     common name: Graceful forrestia rank: genus
113. Anneslea
     rank: genus
114. Antidesma
     common name: Bah jerawai rank: genus
115. Aporosa
     common name: Kumpang rank: genus
116. Aquilaria
     common name: Agar wood rank: genus
117. Aralidium
     common name: Sebalai rank: genus
118. Archidendron
     rank: genus
119. Ardisia
     common name: Coralberry rank: genus
120. Argostemma
     common name: Corncockle rank: genus
121. Aristolochia
     common name: Dutchman's pipe rank: genus
122. Aristotelia
     common name: Maquei rank: genus
123. Artabotrys
     common name: Akar pisang-pisang rank: genus
124. Arthrophyllum
     common name: Ivy palm rank: genus
125. Artocarpus
     rank: genus
126. Astronia
     rank: genus
127. Baccaurea
     common name: Belembik rank: genus
128. Balakata
     common name: Mousedeers rubber tree rank: genus
129. Bauhinia
     rank: genus
130. Begonia
     common name: Begonia rank: genus
131. Bhesa
     common name: Biku-biku rank: genus
132. Blumeodendron
     common name: Gaham badak rank: genus
133. Borreria
     rank: genus
134. Bouea
     common name: Gandaria rank: genus
135. Brackenridgea
     rank: genus
136. Breynia
     common name: Fart bush rank: genus
137. Bridelia
     common name: Kanidei
138. Buchanania
     common name: Otak udang rank: genus
139. Calamus
     common name: Rattan rank: genus
140. Callicarpa
     common name: Beautyberry rank: genus
141. Calophyllum
     common name: Bintangor rank: genus
142. Campnosperma
     common name: Terentang rank: genus
143. Canarium
     common name: Kenari nut rank: genus
144. Canthium
     common name: Green coffee rank: genus
145. Carallia
     common name: Meransi rank: genus
146. Casearia
     rank: genus
147. Castanopsis
     common name: Berangan rank: genus
148. Cephalomappa
     common name: Bantal rank: genus
149. Chisocheton
     common name: Lantupak rank: genus
150. Cinnamomum
     common name: Cinnamon rank: genus
151. Claoxylon
     common name: Gispang rank: genus
152. Clausena
     rank: genus
153. Cleidion
     rank: genus
154. Cleistanthus
     common name: Komuning rank: genus
155. Clerodendrum
     common name: Bleeding heart rank: genus
156. Clethra
     common name: Sweetpepperbush rank: genus
157. Clidemia
     common name: Soapbush rank: genus
158. Cnestis
     rank: genus
159. Codonoboea
     rank: genus
160. Coelestegia
     common name: Piunggai rank: genus
161. Coffea
     common name: Coffee rank: genus
162. Cordia
     common name: Manjack rank: genus
163. Crypteronia
     common name: Garumara rank: genus
164. Cryptocarya
     common name: Medang rank: genus
165. Curculigo
     common name: Palm grass rank: genus
166. Cyathocalyx
     common name: Antoi rank: genus
167. Cyrtandra
     common name: Mapele rank: genus
168. Dacrycarpus
     common name: Podo rank: genus
169. Dacrydium
     common name: Rimu rank: genus
170. Dacryodes
     common name: Kedondong rank: genus
171. Daphne
     rank: genus
172. Daphniphyllum
     rank: genus
173. Dasymaschalon
     common name: Lanutan rank: genus
174. Debregeasia
     common name: Orang wild rhea rank: genus
175. Dehaasia
     rank: genus
176. Dendrocnide
     rank: genus
177. Dendrophtoe
     rank: genus
178. Derris
     common name: Bengali rank: genus
179. Dialium
     common name: Velvet tamarind rank: genus
180. Dianella
     common name: Flax-lily rank: genus
181. Didissandra
     common name: Tarom hutan rank: genus
182. Didymocarpus
     common name: Dwarf chirita rank: genus
183. Dillenia
     common name: Simpoh rank: genus
184. Diospyros
     common name: Kayu arang rank: genus
185. Diplospora
     common name: Gading-gading rank: genus
186. Diplycosia
     rank: genus
187. Dipterocarpus
     common name: Keruing rank: genus
188. Dissochaeta
     rank: genus
189. Dracaena
     common name: Female dragon rank: genus
190. Drimycarpus
     common name: Kuduran rank: genus
191. Dryobalanops
     common name: Champor rank: genus
192. Drypetes
     common name: Bintang babas rank: genus
193. Durio
     common name: Durian rank: genus
194. Dyera
     common name: Jelutong rank: genus
195. Dysoxylum
     rank: genus
196. Elaeocarpus
     common name: Mendong rank: genus
197. Elateriospemum
     common name: Perah rank: genus
198. Embelia
     common name: False black pepper rank: genus
199. Endiandra
     rank: genus
200. Endospermum
     common name: Antah bulan rank: genus
201. Engelhardia
     common name: Walnut rank: genus
202. Euonymus
     common name: Wintercreeper rank: genus
203. Eurya
     common name: Eurya rank: genus
204. Eurycoma
     common name: Tongkat ali rank: genus
205. Evodia
     rank: genus
206. Exbucklandia
     common name: Gerok rank: genus
207. Fagraea
     common name: Tembusu rank: genus
208. Ficus
     common name: Fig tree rank: genus
209. Firmiana
     common name: Parasol tree rank: genus
210. Fissistigma
     common name: Larak api rank: genus
211. Flacourtia
     common name: Indian plum rank: genus
212. Freycinetia
     rank: genus
213. Friesodielsia
     rank: genus
214. Gaertnera
     rank: genus
215. Galearia
     common name: Kayu busih rank: genus
216. Garcinia
     common name: Kandis rank: genus
217. Gironniera
     common name: Medang kasap rank: genus
218. Glochidion
     common name: Sakah-sakah rank: genus
219. Gluta
     common name: Rengas rank: genus
220. Glycosmis
     common name: Orangeberry rank: genus
221. Gnetum
     common name: Meninjau rank: genus
222. Gomphia
     common name: Toothed-leaf gomphia rank: genus
223. Goniothalamus
     common name: Mempisang rank: genus
224. Gonocarpus
     common name: Raspwort rank: genus
225. Gonystylus
     common name: Ramin rank: genus
226. Gordonia
     common name: Gordonia rank: genus
227. Greenea
     rank: genus
228. Grewia
     common name: Chenderai rank: genus
229. Guioa
     common name: Senyamok rank: genus
230. Gymnacranthera
     rank: genus
231. Gymnostoma
     rank: genus
232. Gynotroches
     rank: genus
233. Hancea
     common name: Enserai rank: genus
234. Hanguana
     rank: genus
235. Harpullia
     common name: Tulipwood rank: genus
236. Hedyotis
     common name: Starviolet rank: genus
237. Helicia
     common name: Silver oak rank: genus
238. Heritiera
     common name: Mengkulang rank: genus
239. Hopea
     common name: Merawan rank: genus
240. Horsfieldia
     rank: genus
241. Hydnocarpus
     common name: Setumpol rank: genus
242. Ilex
     common name: Mensirah rank: genus
243. Ilicium
     common name: Star anise rank: genus
244. Ixonanthes
     common name: Sangkan merah rank: genus
245. Ixora
     common name: Jungle flame rank: genus
246. Kibatalia
     common name: Jelutong pipit rank: genus
247. Knema
     rank: genus
248. Koompassia
     common name: Kempas rank: genus
249. Lansium
     rank: genus
250. Lasianthus
     rank: genus
251. Lecanorchis
     common name: Orchid rank: genus
252. Leea
     common name: Mali-mali rank: genus
253. Lepisanthes
     common name: Trengganu cherry rank: genus
254. Liebigia
     rank: genus
255. Lindera
     common name: Spicewood rank: genus
256. Lithocarpus
     common name: Tanoak rank: genus
257. Litsea
     rank: genus
258. Lobelia
     common name: Lobelias rank: genus
259. Maasia
     rank: genus
260. Macaranga
     common name: Mahang rank: genus
261. Machilus
     rank: genus
262. Madhuca
     common name: Nyatoh rank: genus
263. Magnolia
     common name: Magnolia rank: genus
264. Mallotus
     common name: Balik angin rank: genus
265. Mangifera
     common name: Mango rank: genus
266. Marantodes
     common name: Kacip fatimah rank: genus
267. Medinilla
     common name: Rose grape rank: genus
268. Melanochyla
     common name: Rengas padi rank: genus
269. Melastoma
     common name: Melastoma rank: genus
270. Melia
     common name: Chinaberry rank: genus
271. Melicope
     rank: genus
272. Meliosma
     common name: Worm-head tree rank: genus
273. Memecylon
     rank: genus
274. Mesua
     common name: Penaga rank: genus
275. Mezzettia
     common name: Mempisang rank: genus
276. Microcos
     rank: genus
277. Mischocarpus
     common name: Sugi rank: genus
278. Myristica
     rank: genus
279. Nauclea
     common name: Mengkal rank: genus
280. Neolamarckia
     common name: Burflower tree rank: genus
281. Neolitsea
     rank: genus
282. Nepenthes
     common name: Pitcher rank: genus
283. Nephelium
     common name: Rambutan rank: genus
284. Nessia
     common name: Benggang rank: genus
285. Octomelis
     rank: genus
286. Omphalea
     rank: genus
287. Ophiorrhiza
     rank: genus
288. Oreocnide
     rank: genus
289. Orophea
     rank: genus
290. Pachycentria
     rank: genus
291. Palaquium
     common name: Nato nasi rank: genus
292. Paratocarpus
     common name: Ara berteh rank: genus
293. Parinari
     common name: Merbatu rank: genus
294. Parkia
     common name: Petai rank: genus
295. Payena
     common name: Nyatoh rank: genus
296. Pellacalyx
     rank: genus
297. Persea
     rank: genus
298. Phaeanthus
     rank: genus
299. Philodendron
     rank: genus
300. Phoebe
     rank: genus
301. Phyllagathis
     rank: genus
302. Pimelodendron
     common name: Perah ikan rank: genus
303. Piper
     common name: Pepper rank: genus
304. Pleiocarpidia
     rank: genus
305. Podocarpus
     common name: Brown pine rank: genus
306. Podochilus
     rank: genus
307. Polyalthia
     rank: genus
308. Pometia
     common name: Fijian longan rank: genus
309. Popowia
     rank: genus
310. Pothos
     common name: Pothos vine rank: genus
311. Pouteria
     common name: Nyatoh rank: genus
312. Puzolzia
     rank: genus
313. Praravinia
     rank: genus
314. Prismatomeris
     rank: genus
315. Prunus
     common name: Janteli rank: genus
316. Pseuduvaria
     rank: genus
317. Psychotria
     rank: genus
318. Pternandra
     rank: genus
319. Pterocymbium
     common name: Melembu rank: genus
320. Quercus
     common name: Oak rank: genus
321. Radermachera
     rank: genus
322. Randia
     common name: Indigoberry rank: genus
323. Rapanea
     common name: Colicwood rank: genus
324. Raphidophora
     rank: genus
325. Rhodamnia
     common name: Mempoyan rank: genus
326. Rhododendron
     rank: genus
327. Rhodoleia
     common name: Kerlik rank: genus
328. Rigiolepis
     rank: genus
329. Rubus
     common name: Bareti rank: genus
330. Ryparosa
     common name: Trunk bumpy rank: genus
331. Sageraea
     rank: genus
332. Sandoricum
     common name: Cotton fruit rank: genus
333. Santiria
     common name: Kedondong kerantai rank: genus
334. Sapium
     rank: genus
335. Sarcandra
     common name: Nine-knotted flower rank: genus
336. Saurauia
     rank: genus
337. Scaphium
     common name: Kelumpang rank: genus
338. Schefflera
     rank: genus
339. Schima
     common name: Needlewood tree rank: genus
340. Scolopia
     rank: genus
341. Scurrula
     rank: genus
342. Semecarpus
     common name: Rengas rank: genus
343. Shorea
     common name: Meranti rank: genus
344. Smilax
     common name: Sarsaparilla rank: genus
345. Sonerila
     rank: genus
346. Spondias
     common name: Mombin rank: genus
347. Stemonurus
     rank: genus
348. Sterculia
     rank: genus
349. Streblus
     rank: genus
350. Strobilanthes
     common name: Persian shield rank: genus
351. Strychnos
     rank: genus
352. Styrax
     common name: Snowbell rank: genus
353. Suregada
     common name: Suregada rank: genus
354. Swintonia
     common name: Merpauh rank: genus
355. Symplocos
     rank: genus
356. Syzygium
     common name: Kelat rank: genus
357. Tabernaemontana
     common name: Pinwheel flower rank: genus
358. Tacca
     common name: Bat flower rank: genus
359. Tarena
     rank: genus
360. Teijsmanniodendron
     rank: genus
361. Ternstroemia
     rank: genus
362. Tetracera
     common name: Stone leaf rank: genus
363. Timonius
     rank: genus
364. Trigonostemon
     common name: Jingah tulang tiga rank: genus
365. Tristaniopsis
     rank: genus
366. Turpinia
     rank: genus
367. Urophyllum
     rank: genus
368. Uvaria
     rank: genus
369. Vaccinium
     common name: Bluberry rank: genus
370. Vatica
     common name: Meranti rank: genus
371. Viburnum
     common name: Snowball bush rank: genus
372. Vitex
     common name: Chaste tree rank: genus
373. Vitis
     rank: genus
374. Voacanga
     rank: genus
375. Weinmannia
     common name: Rese marara rank: genus
376. Willughbeia
     rank: genus
377. Xanthophyllum
     common name: Nyalin rank: genus
378. Xylopia
     common name: Jangkang rank: genus
379. Zizyphus
     common name: Jujube rank: genus

Batang Toru forest is a part of Bukit Barisan mountain ranges, encompassing 150,000 hectares of forest in three Tapanuli districts of North Sumatra, Indonesia. About 85 percent of Batang Toru forest is protected and the rest of it is used as production forest and other usages. We collected samples in Batang Toru from several sites, consisting of Lobu Sitompul, around Batang Goar river, Aek Somakkar, Sitandiang, Hutaimbaru, Hopong, Namorabayo, Bulu Mario, PT. Sarulla Operation Ltd (Pahae Jae), and Orangutan Research Station (Haramunting).