Wild bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) of South-West France: more than 10 years of inventories in mosaic landscapes of ZA-PYGAR

Study Extent

The Apoidea specimens come from south-west France, in the LTSER Vallées et Coteaux de Gascogne embedded in the ZA Pygar. 22,505 specimens were collected in the French department Haute-Garonne and 1,824 in the department Gers. Data range: 2010-7-02 - 2022-4-12. Sampling is inconsistent over time, depending on the projects being carried each year and the protocols chosen. The number of sampling events varies from 10 to 452 between 2010 and 2022, with an average of 127 samplings per year over this period.

Sampling

Wild bees were sampled in various habitat types (cultivated and semi-natural, Figure 1) including field margins of crops and inner crops (12,701 individuals), small forests and their edges (7,856 individuals), hedgerows (119 individuals) and permanent grasslands (294 individuals). The precision of the GPS coordinates given in the dataset has been reduced to preserve the locality of vulnerable species. Depending on the project, two sampling methods were implemented : 1) insect net catching along transects for 3,888 individuals belonging to 183 species (described in Rivers-Moore et al. 2020), or 2) one to two sets of three to six coloured pan traps per sampling site (blue, yellow and white UV colour paint) (e.g. Rivers-Moore et al. 2023) for 20,441 individuals belonging to 203 species.

Quality Control

Before 2015, depending on the project and on the people involved, the most obvious and common species were identified by Samantha Bailley, Romain Carrié, Clara Singh and Léa Frontero, all the others were sent to experts (see below), except for BioBio project for which all specimens were sent to David Genoud. After 2015, all sampled specimens were sorted out to order and family ranks and pinned, before being sent to national experts of Apoidea apiformes group : Rémi Rudelle, David Genoud, Eric Dufrêne, Alain Pauly and Pierre Rasmont. For four species complexes ( Bombus gr. Terrestris , Halictus gr. Simplex , Seladonia gr. Smaragdula and Hylaeus gr. brevicornis ), the taxonomy is not stabilized for the female individuals, and the current identification tools (dichotomous keys) do not allow for a clear separation of the species within these complexes. Taxonomists agree to use the name of the complex for specimen identification when it could be one of the following species: Bombus terrestris , Bombus lucorum , Bombus magnus , and Bombus cryptarum (4 species of the Bombus gr. terrestris ), Halictus simplex , Halictus eurygnathus , Halictus langobardicus , Halictus crenicornis , Halictus tridivisus , Halictus adjikenticus , Halictus carinthiacus , Halictus gruenwaldti , and Halictus pyrenaeus (9 species of the Halictus gr. simplex ), Seladonia smaragdula , Seladonia gemmella and Seladonia submediterranea (3 species of the Seladonia gr. Smaragdula , Pauly et al. 2015), or one of the 22 species from Hylaeus gr. Brevicornis (Dathe et al. 2022). In the present dataset, the specimens belonging to these groups have been identified either to the species level (when morphological characters allowed) or to its complex species group (for female individuals). Ongoing barcoding initiatives may help to clarify the reliable morphological characteristics for identifying species within these complexes. Recently, a fraction of the specimens contained in the collection (534 specimens) and covering 60% of wild bee diversity sampled in ZA-PYGAR has been used to generate DNA barcoding reference sequences, allowing a cross-validation of the specimen identification. For each specimen chosen, one front leg was sampled and used for further molecular processes involving DNA extraction, marker amplification and sequencing (articles in prep., Hebert et al 2003, Folmer et al 1994, Clarke et al 2014). Because of the existence of groups of species particularly recalcitrant to sequencing of the standard CO1 marker, two complementary markers were targeted: CO1 and 16S (Sheffield et al 2017, Villalta et al 2021). A total of 110 and 347 specimens were sampled to provide CO1 marker barcodes and 16S marker barcodes, respectively, while 76 specimens were used to generate reference barcodes for both markers. DNA barcoding results are currently being analysed and discussed with experts. In case of incongruence between morphological and molecular identifications, the specimens are subjected to re-observation of morphological characters. This process is under progress.

Method steps

1. See Sampling description and Quality control

The dataset contains at least 270 species of the families Andrenidae (2,958 specimens), Apidae (2,805 specimens), Colletidae (167 specimens), Halictidae (18,007 specimens), Megachilidae (377 specimens) and Melittidae (15 specimens). Thirty-three genera have been identified, the most represented being Lasioglossum , Andrena and Halictus. Of the 275 taxon (comprising 270 species and 5 species complexes), 29 taxon are represented by more than 100 specimens, and 134 taxon are represented by 1 to 5 individuals, 56 being singletons.

1. Andrenidae
   rank: family
2. Apidae
   rank: family
3. Colletidae
   rank: family
4. Halictidae
   rank: family
5. Megachilidae
   rank: family
6. Melittidae
   rank: family
7. Seladonia tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
   rank: species
8. Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck, 1853)
   rank: species
9. Lasioglossum politum (Schenck, 1853)
   rank: species
10. Andrena variabilis Smith, 1853
    rank: species
11. Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
12. Halictus scabiosae (Rossi, 1790)
    rank: species
13. Lasioglossum puncticolle (Morawitz, 1872)
    rank: species
14. Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
15. Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761)
    rank: species
16. Lasioglossum malachurum (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
17. Melitta nigricans Alfken, 1905
    rank: species
18. Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
19. Lasioglossum glabriusculum (Morawitz, 1872)
    rank: species
20. Eucera nigrifacies Lepeletier, 1841
    rank: species
21. Halictus compressus (Walckenaer, 1802)
    rank: species
22. Bombus Latreille, 1802
    rank: species
23. Halictus Latreille, 1804
    rank: species
24. Andrena labialis (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
25. Lithurgus cornutus (Fabricius, 1787)
    rank: species
26. Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799
    rank: species
27. Andrena impunctata Perez, 1895
    rank: species
28. Seladonia seladonia (Fabricius, 1794)
    rank: species
29. Lasioglossum interruptum (Panzer, 1798)
    rank: species
30. Halictus simplex Bluthgen, 1923
    rank: species
31. Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848
    rank: species
32. Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
33. Andrena ventricosa Dours, 1873
    rank: species
34. Lasioglossum corvinum (Morawitz, 1877)
    rank: species
35. Bombus sylvarum (Linnaeus, 1761)
    rank: species
36. Nomada kohli Schmiedeknecht, 1882
    rank: species
37. Nomada distinguenda Morawitz, 1873
    rank: species
38. Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
39. Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781)
    rank: species
40. Seladonia Robertson, 1918
    rank: genus
41. Seladonia subaurata (Rossi, 1792)
    rank: species
42. Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
43. Hylaeus clypearis (Schenck, 1853)
    rank: species
44. Sphecodes longulus Hagens, 1882
    rank: species
45. Sphecodes puncticeps Thomson, 1870
    rank: species
46. Seladonia smaragdula (Vachal, 1895)
    rank: species
47. Hylaeus variegatus (Fabricius, 1798)
    rank: species
48. Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793
    rank: genus
49. Hylaeus brevicornis Nylander, 1852
    rank: species
50. Lasioglossum Curtis, 1833
    rank: genus
51. Hylaeus euryscapus Forster, 1871
    rank: species
52. Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763)
    rank: species
53. Lasioglossum albipes (Fabricius, 1781)
    rank: species
54. Bombus hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761)
    rank: species
55. Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith, 1848)
    rank: species
56. Nomada stigma Fabricius, 1804
    rank: species
57. Andrena decipiens Schenck, 1861
    rank: species
58. Eucera nigrescens Perez, 1880
    rank: species
59. Halictus quadricinctus (Fabricius, 1777)
    rank: species
60. Dasypoda hirtipes (Fabricius, 1793)
    rank: species
61. Eucera taurica Morawitz, 1871
    rank: species
62. Lasioglossum discus (Smith, 1853)
    rank: species
63. Eucera longicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
64. Lasioglossum lativentre (Schenck, 1853)
    rank: species
65. Eucera clypeata Erichson in Waltl, 1835
    rank: species
66. Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe, 1834
    rank: species
67. Hylaeus difformis (Eversmann, 1852)
    rank: species
68. Osmia gallarum Spinola, 1807
    rank: species
69. Lasioglossum marginatum (Brulle, 1832)
    rank: species
70. Lasioglossum nigripes (Lepeletier, 1841)
    rank: species
71. Heriades crenulata Nylander, 1856
    rank: species
72. Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
73. Lasioglossum punctatissimum (Schenck, 1853)
    rank: species
74. Andrena ranunculi Schmiedeknecht, 1884
    rank: species
75. Coelioxys afer Lepeletier, 1841
    rank: species
76. Lasioglossum morio (Fabricius, 1793)
    rank: species
77. Halictus langobardicus Bluthgen, 1944
    rank: species
78. Osmia rufohirta Latreille, 1811
    rank: species
79. Andrena ovata Schenck, 1853
    rank: species
80. Stelis punctulatissima (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
81. Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, 1842
    rank: species
82. Lasioglossum laticeps (Schenck, 1869)
    rank: species
83. Osmia caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
84. Andrena aeneiventris Morawitz, 1872
    rank: species
85. Megachile burdigalensis Benoist, 1940
    rank: species
86. Anthidium oblongatum (Illiger, 1806)
    rank: species
87. Ceratina cucurbitina (Rossi, 1792)
    rank: species
88. Hoplitis tridentata (Dufour & Perris, 1840)
    rank: species
89. Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
90. Hoplitis leucomelana (Kirby, 1802)
    rank: species
91. Nomada fucata Panzer, 1798
    rank: species
92. Rophites algirus Perez, 1895
    rank: species
93. Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
    rank: species
94. Melitta leporina (Panzer, 1799)
    rank: species
95. Tetralonia alticincta (Lepeletier, 1841)
    rank: species
96. Andrena agilissima (Scopoli, 1770)
    rank: species
97. Hylaeus gibbus Saunders, 1850
    rank: species
98. Andrena bicolor Fabricius, 1775
    rank: species
99. Andrena florea Fabricius, 1793
    rank: species
100. Anthophora pubescens (Fabricius, 1781)
     rank: species
101. Hylaeus tyrolensis Forster, 1871
     rank: species
102. Seladonia submediterranea Pauly, 2015
     rank: species
103. Seladonia vestita (Lepeletier, 1841)
     rank: species
104. Megachile rotundata (Fabricius, 1787)
     rank: species
105. Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
106. Megachile maritima (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
107. Megachile argentata argentata (Fabricius, 1793)
     rank: subspecies
108. Ceratina chalybea Chevrier, 1872
     rank: species
109. Megachile apicalis Spinola, 1808
     rank: species
110. Xylocopa valga Gerstacker, 1872
     rank: species
111. Osmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
112. Sphecodes rufiventris (Panzer, 1797)
     rank: species
113. Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791)
     rank: species
114. Hylaeus gredleri Forster, 1871
     rank: species
115. Nomada basalis Herrich-Schaffer, 1839
     rank: species
116. Hylaeus punctulatissimus Smith, 1843
     rank: species
117. Amegilla albigena (Lepeletier, 1841)
     rank: species
118. Lasioglossum semilucens (Alfken, 1914)
     rank: species
119. Trachusa interrupta (Fabricius, 1781)
     rank: species
120. Sphecodes ferruginatus Hagens, 1882
     rank: species
121. Sphecodes monilicornis (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
122. Pseudoanthidium scapulare (Latreille, 1809)
     rank: species
123. Bombus ruderarius (Muller, 1776)
     rank: species
124. Anthidiellum strigatum (Panzer, 1802)
     rank: species
125. Bombus humilis Illiger, 1806
     rank: species
126. Hylaeus confusus Nylander, 1852
     rank: species
127. Sphecodes Latreille, 1804
     rank: genus
128. Hylaeus nigritus (Fabricius, 1798)
     rank: species
129. Ceratina dallatorreana Friese, 1896
     rank: species
130. Andrena alfkenella Perkins, 1914
     rank: species
131. Andrena minutula (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
132. Sphecodes ephippius (Linnaeus, 1767)
     rank: species
133. Lasioglossum calceatum (Scopoli, 1763)
     rank: species
134. Bombus confusus Schenck, 1861
     rank: species
135. Bombus lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761)
     rank: species
136. Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
137. Andrena propinqua Schenck, 1853
     rank: species
138. Hylaeus communis Nylander, 1852
     rank: species
139. Lasioglossum fulvicorne (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
140. Andrena afzeliella (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
141. Megachile ericetorum Lepeletier, 1841
     rank: species
142. Bombus vestalis (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785)
     rank: species
143. Colletes daviesanus Smith, 1846
     rank: species
144. Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
145. Hylaeus annularis (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
146. Nomada flavopicta (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
147. Colletes similis Schenck, 1853
     rank: species
148. Hylaeus sinuatus (Schenck, 1853)
     rank: species
149. Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791)
     rank: species
150. Megachile albisecta (Klug in Germar, 1817)
     rank: species
151. Lasioglossum pygmaeum (Schenck, 1853)
     rank: species
152. Nomada furva Panzer, 1798
     rank: species
153. Melitta tricincta Kirby, 1802
     rank: species
154. Eucera Scopoli, 1770
     rank: genus
155. Osmia melanogaster Spinola, 1807
     rank: species
156. Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
157. Panurgus dentipes Latreille, 1811
     rank: species
158. Osmia aurulenta (Panzer, 1799)
     rank: species
159. Halictus patellatus Morawitz, 1873
     rank: species
160. Sphecodes crassus Thomson, 1870
     rank: species
161. Sphecodes marginatus Hagens, 1882
     rank: species
162. Lasioglossum subhirtum (Lepeletier, 1841)
     rank: species
163. Andrena Fabricius, 1775
     rank: genus
164. Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
165. Stelis annulata (Lepeletier, 1841)
     rank: species
166. Megachile melanopyga Costa, 1863
     rank: species
167. Andrena minutuloides Perkins, 1914
     rank: species
168. Lasioglossum majus (Nylander, 1852)
     rank: species
169. Lasioglossum minutissimum (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
170. Tetralonia malvae (Rossi, 1790)
     rank: species
171. Andrena nana (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
172. Andrena hedikae Jaeger, 1934
     rank: species
173. Andrena trimmerana (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
174. Bombus terrestris terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: subspecies
175. Bombus terrestris lusitanicus Kruger, 1956
     rank: subspecies
176. Andrena angustior (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
177. Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772)
     rank: species
178. Andrena dorsata (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
179. Andrena nitida (Muller, 1776)
     rank: species
180. Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781)
     rank: species
181. Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
182. Andrena lagopus Latreille, 1809
     rank: species
183. Halictus tetrazonius (Klug in Germar, 1817)
     rank: species
184. Andrena distinguenda Schenck, 1871
     rank: species
185. Andrena pusilla Perez, 1903
     rank: species
186. Andrena livens Perez, 1895
     rank: species
187. Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1832
     rank: species
188. Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
189. Bombus pascuorum maculatus Vogt, 1909
     rank: subspecies
190. Lasioglossum pallens (Brulle, 1832)
     rank: species
191. Andrena fulvata Stoeckhert, 1930
     rank: species
192. Nomada Scopoli, 1770
     rank: genus
193. Andrena cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
194. Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus, 1761)
     rank: species
195. Lasioglossum laevigatum (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
196. Lasioglossum pauperatum (Brulle, 1832)
     rank: species
197. Andrena combinata (Christ, 1791)
     rank: species
198. Andrena helvola (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
199. Andrena ferox Smith, 1847
     rank: species
200. Andrena pallitarsis Perez, 1903
     rank: species
201. Lasioglossum xanthopus (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
202. Lasioglossum crassepunctatum (Bluthgen, 1923)
     rank: species
203. Andrena nigroolivacea Dours, 1873
     rank: species
204. Lasioglossum nitidulum (Fabricius, 1804)
     rank: species
205. Andrena bucephala Stephens, 1846
     rank: species
206. Osmia bicolor (Schrank, 1781)
     rank: species
207. Anthophora plagiata (Illiger, 1806)
     rank: species
208. Osmia cornuta (Latreille, 1805)
     rank: species
209. Bombus sylvestris (Lepeletier, 1833)
     rank: species
210. Andrena scotica Perkins, 1916
     rank: species
211. Osmia Panzer, 1806
     rank: genus
212. Lasioglossum truncaticolle (Morawitz, 1877)
     rank: species
213. Andrena strohmella Stoeckhert, 1928
     rank: species
214. Andrena nitidula Perez, 1903
     rank: species
215. Anthophora retusa retusa (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: subspecies
216. Andrena rufula Schmiedeknecht, 1883
     rank: species
217. Andrena fulvago (Christ, 1791)
     rank: species
218. Andrena bicolorata (Rossi, 1790)
     rank: species
219. Andrena pilipes Fabricius, 1781
     rank: species
220. Andrena bimaculata (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
221. Andrena humilis Imhoff, 1832
     rank: species
222. Lasioglossum griseolum (Morawitz, 1872)
     rank: species
223. Hoplitis adunca (Panzer, 1798)
     rank: species
224. Lasioglossum tricinctum (Schenck, 1874)
     rank: species
225. Andrena griseobalteata Dours, 1872
     rank: species
226. Melecta albifrons (Forster, 1771)
     rank: species
227. Andrena russula Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1841
     rank: species
228. Andrena flavilabris Schenck, 1874
     rank: species
229. Chelostoma florisomne (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
230. Andrena leucolippa Perez, 1895
     rank: species
231. Lasioglossum costulatum (Kriechbaumer, 1873)
     rank: species
232. Eucera interrupta Bar, 1850
     rank: species
233. Sphecodes ruficrus (Erichson in Waltl, 1835)
     rank: species
234. Chelostoma emarginatum (Nylander, 1856)
     rank: species
235. Lasioglossum mesosclerum (Perez, 1903)
     rank: species
236. Eucera numida Lepeletier, 1841
     rank: species
237. Seladonia confusa (Smith, 1853)
     rank: species
238. Andrena impressa Warncke, 1967
     rank: species
239. Melecta italica Radoszkowski, 1876
     rank: species
240. Lasioglossum discus discus (Smith, 1853)
     rank: subspecies
241. Andrena angustior impressa Warncke, 1967
     rank: subspecies
242. Andrena rhenana Stoeckhert, 1930
     rank: species
243. Hylaeus cornutus Curtis, 1831
     rank: species
244. Halictus fulvipes (Klug in Germar, 1817)
     rank: species
245. Andrena chrysopyga Schenck, 1853
     rank: species
246. Osmia brevicornis (Fabricius, 1798)
     rank: species
247. Bombus muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
248. Lasioglossum angusticeps (Perkins, 1895)
     rank: species
249. Andrena simontornyella Noskiewicz, 1939
     rank: species
250. Andrena lathyri Alfken, 1899
     rank: species
251. Lasioglossum medinai (Vachal, 1895)
     rank: species
252. Osmia niveata (Fabricius, 1804)
     rank: species
253. Andrena viridescens Viereck, 1916
     rank: species
254. Andrena labiata Fabricius, 1781
     rank: species
255. Andrena vetula Lepeletier, 1841
     rank: species
256. Nomada striata Fabricius, 1793
     rank: species
257. Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
258. Bombus pomorum (Panzer, 1802)
     rank: species
259. Andrena subopaca Nylander, 1848
     rank: species
260. Nomada fabriciana (Linnaeus, 1767)
     rank: species
261. Nomada sexfasciata Panzer, 1799
     rank: species
262. Nomada bifasciata Olivier, 1811
     rank: species
263. Nomada melathoracica Imhoff, 1834
     rank: species
264. Sphecodes pseudofasciatus Bluthgen, 1925
     rank: species
265. Nomada zonata Panzer, 1797
     rank: species
266. Nomada lathburiana (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
267. Andrena fulva (Muller, 1766)
     rank: species
268. Andrena mitis Schmiedeknecht, 1883
     rank: species
269. Nomada flava Panzer, 1797
     rank: species
270. Lasioglossum bluethgeni Ebmer, 1971
     rank: species
271. Andrena thoracica (Fabricius, 1775)
     rank: species
272. Rhodanthidium septemdentatum (Latreille, 1809)
     rank: species
273. Stelis breviuscula (Nylander, 1848)
     rank: species
274. Sphecodes majalis Perez, 1903
     rank: species
275. Osmia leaiana (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
276. Nomada ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
277. Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus, 1758)
     rank: species
278. Nomada tridentirostris Dours, 1873
     rank: species
279. Panurgus calcaratus (Scopoli, 1763)
     rank: species
280. Nomada leucophthalma (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
281. Andrena colletiformis Morawitz, 1873
     rank: species
282. Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841
     rank: species
283. Nomada succincta Panzer, 1798
     rank: species
284. Megachile ligniseca (Kirby, 1802)
     rank: species
285. Andrena hattorfiana (Fabricius, 1775)
     rank: species
286. Hylaeus rubicola Saunders, 1850
     rank: species
287. Nomada villosa Thomson, 1870
     rank: species
288. Sphecodes rubicundus Hagens, 1875
     rank: species
289. Andrena synadelpha Perkins, 1914
     rank: species
290. Nomada hirtipes Perez, 1884
     rank: species
291. Nomada bluethgeni Stockhert, 1944
     rank: species

The Apoidea specimens come from south-west France, in the LTSER Vallées et Coteaux de Gascogne embedded in the ZA Pygar (Ouin et al. 2021).