Tracheophyta

Key to the identification of the climbing plants of Igarassu based on flowering material

Note that for species of the Sapindaceae flowering plant family, fruiting characters are included as these are essential for identification to species.

1. Tendrils present, but not associated with the inflorescence.......................................................................................... 2

1. Tendrils not present, or where present unbranched.................................................................................................... 34

2. Leaves opposite............................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Leaves alternate............................................................................................................................................................ 6

3. Leaves simple................................................................................................................................ Strychnos parviflora

3. Leaves compound......................................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Branches of the inflorescence flattened in cross-section, the calyx spathe-like….............. Phryganocydia corymbosa

4. Branches of the inflorescence circular in cross-section, the calyx campanulate.......................................................... 5

5. Glands of the calyx 5, discoid, present on the calyx outer surface (Fig. 2A); corolla yellow, anthers glabrous....................................................................................................................................................... Adenocalymma hypostictum

5. Glands absent from the outer surface of the calyx; corolla red to pink, anthers hairy.......................... Lundia cordata

6. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate compound........................................................................................................................ 7

6. Leaves compound and with more than one leaflet..................................................................................................... 26

7. Flowers zygomorphic................................................................................................................................................... 8

7. Flowers actinomorphic................................................................................................................................................. 9

8. Basal third of the leaflet connate; bracts reniform; petal outer surface completely hairy............... Phanera outimouta

8. Basal two-thirds of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals outer surface hairy only along the midvein....................................................................................................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

9. Tendrils opposite the leaves (Fig. 3A)............................................................................................... Cissus verticillata

9. Tendrils axillary to the leaves, either in the leaf sheath (appearing emergent from the petiole) or at the base of the inflorescence (Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G)............................................................................................................................. 10

10. Tendrils 2, at the apex of the leaf sheath (appearing emergent from the petiole, Fig. 3G)................ Smilax syphilitica

10. Tendril 1, in the leaf’s axils or borne at an acute angle to the petiole (Fig. 3D)........................................................ 11

11. Flowers unisexual....................................................................................................................................................... 12

11. Flowers bisexual......................................................................................................................................................... 17

12. Calyx urceolate (Fig. 2B); stamens 2.......................................................................................................................... 13

12. Calyx infundibuliform or campanulate (Fig. 2C); stamens 3..................................................................................... 15

13. Leaves 5-lobate; anthers straight....................................................................................................... Psiguria umbrosa

13. Leaves 1–3-lobate; anthers twice-folded from the base............................................................................................. 14

14. Lobes of the calyx longer than the lobes of the corolla................................................................... Gurania acuminata

14. Lobes of the calyx shorter than the lobes of the corolla................................................................... Gurania spinulosa

15. Flowers solitary............................................................................................................................ Momordica charantia

15. Flowers borne in clusters (racemes)........................................................................................................................... 16

16. Adaxial surface of the leaves with stiff recurved hairs; flowers grouped in lax, larger than 2cm long racemes, bearing more than 3 flowers............................................................................................................................ Cayaponia tayuya

16. Leaves glabrous; flowers grouped in congested, up to 2cm, racemes bearing less than 3 flowers (Fig. 2D)..................................................................................................................................................................... Melothria fluminensis

17. Ovary inferior....................................................................................................................................... Gouania virgata

17. Ovary superior............................................................................................................................................................ 18

18. Plant hairy; petals absent................................................................................................................ Passiflora suberosa

18. Plant glabrous; petals 5............................................................................................................................................... 19

19. Leaves entire............................................................................................................................................................... 20

19. Leaves lobate.............................................................................................................................................................. 22

20. Flowers grouped in racemes; styles 4.................................................................................................. Passiflora ovalis

20. Flowers solitary or in pairs; styles 3........................................................................................................................... 21

21. Stem 4-angulate; petiole with 2–6 sessile glands................................................................................. Passiflora alata

21. Stem cylindrical; petiole with 2 stalked glands............................................................................... Passiflora galbana

22. Stems 2-angulate; leaves bearing 8–12 circular glands on the adaxial surface.................................. Passiflora misera

22. Stems not angulate; leaves eglandular........................................................................................................................ 23

23. Leaves 5-lobate............................................................................................................................. Passiflora cincinnata

23. Leaves 3-lobate........................................................................................................................................................... 24

24. Petiole with 2 sessile glands................................................................................................................ Passiflora edulis

24. Petiole with 2–6 stalked glands.................................................................................................................................. 25

25. Apex of the leaves and stipules mucronate; bracts lanceolate, green…..................................... Passiflora watsoniana

25. Apex of the leaves and stipules truncate; bracts obovate, pink..................................................... Passiflora edmundoi

26. Tendrils opposite to the leaves (Fig. 3A).................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

26. Tendrils in the axils of the leaves or at the base of the inflorescence (Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G)....................................... 27

27. Flowers actinomorphic............................................................................................................................................... 28

27. Flowers zygomorphic................................................................................................................................................. 29

28. Calyx narrow in its length, geen, glabrous........................................................................................ Psiguria triphylla

28. Calyx wide at basis with narrowed entering, orange, hairy.......................................................... Gurania bignoniacea

29. Fruit divided into three samaras.................................................................................................................................. 30

29. Fruit a simple capsule................................................................................................................................................. 31

30. Sepals with velvety margin (Fig. 2G)....................................................................................... Serjania subimpunctata

30. Sepals entirely glabrescent or glabrous (Fig. 2H)........................................................................ Serjania salzmaniana

31. Fruit without wings............................................................................................................................. Paullinia pinnata

31. Fruit with wings.......................................................................................................................................................... 32

32. Fruit with one wing................................................................................................................... Machaerium aculeatum

32. Fruit with three wings................................................................................................................................................. 33

33. Leaf margin entire; wings of the fruit obovate, apiculate (Fig. 2E)................................................ Paullinia racemosa

33. Leaf margin dentate; wings of the fruit elliptical, not apiculate (Fig. 2F)......................................... Paullinia trigonia

34. Leaves opposite or verticillate.................................................................................................................................... 35

34. Leaves alternate.......................................................................................................................................................... 50

35. Flowers grouped into a capitate compound inflorescence................................................................... Mikania obovata

35. Flowers grouped but not into a capitate compound inflorescences............................................................................ 36

36. Nectariferous disk conspicuous, surrounding the ovary............................................................................................. 37

36. Nectariferous disk inconspicuous or absent............................................................................................................... 38

37. Plant with hairs that are rough to the touch.............................................................................. Prionostemma asperum

37. Plant without hairs or with hairs that are not rough to the touch................................................ Hippocratea vollubilis

38. Petiole glandular, glands 2, discoid............................................................................................................................ 39

38. Petiole glandular or eglandular, where glandular glands not discoid......................................................................... 41

39. Glands 2 at the base of the petiole (Fig. 2J)............................................................................. Heteropterys nordestina

39. Glands 2 at the apex of the petiole (Fig. 2I)............................................................................................................... 40

40. Surface abaxial of the leave hirsute........................................................................................ Stigmaphyllon blanchetii

40. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrous...................................................................................... Stigmaphyllon salzmanii

41. Stipules borne between the petioles........................................................................................................ Sabicea grisea

41. Stipules not borne between the petioles...................................................................................................................... 42

42. Flowers actinomorphic, the number of stamens more than double the number of petals......................................... 43

42. Flowers zygomorphic, the number of stamens double, equal, or less than number of petals.................................... 48

43. Petiole twining; latex absent; stigma feather-like.................................................................................. Clematis dioica

43. Petiole not twining; latex present; stigma not plumose.............................................................................................. 44

44. Plant glabrous............................................................................................................................................................. 45

44. Plants hairy................................................................................................................................................................. 46

45. Leaves oblong-elliptic; glands 2, broader at the base (Fig. 2K)................................................... Blepharodon nitidum

45. Leaves obovate; glands 2,not broader at the base (Fig. 2L)................................................. Mandevilla moricandiana

46. Glands absent from the leaf lamina............................................................................................. Temnadenia odorifera

46. Glands 2–6, borne on the leaf lamina......................................................................................................................... 47

47. Glands 2–6, borne along the midvein............................................................................................... Mandevilla scabra

47. Glands 2–6, borne at the base of the midvein (Fig. 2M)................................................................... Matelea maritima

48. Corolla with wholly distinct petals; stamens 10....................................................................... Niedenzuella acutifolia

48. Corolla with wholly or partially fused petals; stamen 4............................................................................................ 49

49. Plant herbaceous; petiole winged; flowers orange............................................................................. Thunbergia alata

49. Plant woody; petiole not winged; flowers white (Fig. 4I and J)…......................................... Mendoncia blanchetiana

50. Ochrea present (Fig. 2N)............................................................................................................. Coccoloba ochreolata

50. Ochrea absent.............................................................................................................................................................. 51

51. Leaves compound....................................................................................................................................................... 52

51. Leaves simple or compound unifoliolate.................................................................................................................... 71

52. Palms. Terminal leaflets reduced, stiff and hook-like (Fig. 4A)................................................................................. 53

52. Not palms. Terminal leaflets not hook-like, foliaceus................................................................................................ 54

53. Raphe unarmed, leaflets unarmed or sometimes armed with thorns at the base of the leaflets; apex of bracts covered in narrow thorns (Fig. 4B)..................................................................................................... Desmoncus orthacanthos

53. Raphe and abaxial surface of the leaflets armed with stiff and twisted thorns; apex of bracts covered in pustular thorns (Fig. 4C)...................................................................................................................... Desmoncus polyacanthos

54. Inflorescences opposite to the leaves.......................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

54. Inflorescences never opposite to the leaves................................................................................................................ 55

55. Leaves digitate............................................................................................................................. Merremia macrocalyx

55. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, never digitate............................................................................................................ 56

56. Prickles or thorns present................................................................................................................ Senegalia tenuifolia

56. Prickles or thorns absent............................................................................................................................................. 57

57. Calyx 2-lobate/divided................................................................................................................................................ 58

57. Calyx 4 or 5 lobed....................................................................................................................................................... 60

58. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrous........................................................................................... Canavalia parviflora

58. Surface abaxial of the leave glabrescent to pubescent................................................................................................ 59

59. Calyx lobes of differing lengths.................................................................................................. Canavalia braziliensis

59. Calyx lobes of uniform length......................................................................................................... Canavalia dictyota

60. Calyx 5 lobed.............................................................................................................................................................. 61

60. Calyx 4 lobed............................................................................................................................................................. 68

61. Calyx including a spur................................................................................................................................................ 62

61. Calyx lacking a spur................................................................................................................................................... 63 62. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; calyx lobes unequal in size, the larger lobe twice the length of the calyx tube, flowers lilac................................................................................................................................ Centrosema pubescens

62. Stem angulate in cross-section; calyx lobes equal in size, the lobes not twice the length of the calyx tube; flowers yellow........................................................................................................................................... Centrosema plumieri

63. Bracteole caducous; calyx campanulate..................................................................................................................... 64

63. Bracteole persistent; calyx tubular.............................................................................................................................. 65

64. Stems bearing lenticels, glabrous; leaflets lanceolate.................................................................... Connarus blanchetii

64. Stem lacking lenticels, hairy; leaflets ovate............................................................................... Rynchosia pyramidalis

65. Stigma straight....................................................................................................................................... Clitoria falcata

65. Stigma twisted............................................................................................................................................................. 66

66. Corolla wings conspicually larger than the standard............................................................ Macropitilium prostratum

66. Corolla wings never larger than the standard............................................................................................................. 67

67. Plants glabrous; bracteoles stiff, adpressed to the rachis........................................................................... Vigna luteola

67. Plants hirsute; bracteoles membranaceous, free..................................................................................... Vigna vexillata

68. Lobes of the calyx of differingt lengths (Fig. 4D).............................................................................. Mucuna pruriens

68. Lobes of the calyx of uniform length.......................................................................................................................... 69

69. Plants herbaceous..................................................................................................................... Centrosema brazilianum

69. Plants woody............................................................................................................................................................... 70

70. Stem hairy; calyx glabrous.................................................................................................................... Dioclea virgata

70. Stem glabrous; calyx hairy.................................................................................................................. Dioclea violacea

71. Flowers grouped in a flower-like inflorescence......................................................................................................... 72

71. Flowers borne in racemes, panicles, glomerules or solitary....................................................................................... 75

72. Flowers arranged into a capitate head.................................................................................... Cyrtocymura scorpioides

72. Inflroescence protected by two bright involucral bracts, flowers not arranged into a capitulum.

73. Involucral bracts entire (Fig 4E)....................................................................................... Dalechampia convolvuloides

73. Involucral bracts 3-lobate........................................................................................................................................... 74

74. Stipules linear-subulate; seeds rough, dark-brown (Fig 4F).................................................. Dalechampia braziliensis

74. Stipules reniform; seeds smooth, light-brown (Fig 4F).................................................. Dalechampia pernambucensis

75. Flowers unisexual....................................................................................................................................................... 76

75. Flowers bisexual......................................................................................................................................................... 80

76. Hairs urticating; flowers of both sexes borne in the same inflorescence.................................................................... 77

76. Hairs not urticating, when present; male and female flowers borne in separate inflorescences................................ 78

77. Leaves 5-veined.................................................................................................................................... Tragia volubilis

77. Leaves 3-veined................................................................................................................................ Tragia lessertiana

78. Plants dioecious; nectariferous disk present; ovary inferior........................................................ Dioscorea marginata

78. Plants monoecious; nectariferous disk absent; ovary superior................................................................................... 79

79. Leaves peltate; bracts cordate; stamens fused at their base, sessile........................................ Cissampelos glaberrima

79. Leaves not peltate; bracts filiform; stamens fused at their base, stalked............................. Cissampelos andromorpha

80. Flowers zygomorphic................................................................................................................................................. 81

80. Flowers actninomorphic............................................................................................................................................. 85

81. Perianth composed of distinct sepals and petals......................................................................................................... 82

81. Perianth composed of tepals....................................................................................................................................... 84

82. Papilionoid corolla..................................................................................................................... Securidaca diversifolia

82. Corolla not papilionoid............................................................................................................................................... 83

83. Basal third of the leaflets connate; bracts reniform; petals hairy over their entire surface............. Phanera outimouta

83. Apical third of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate; petals hairy along the midvein only.................................................................................................................................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

84. Pseudo-stipules reniform; lip (expanded part of corolla tube) smooth.................................... Aristolochia braziliensis

84. Pseudo-stipules absent; lip (expanded part of corolla tube) papillose........................................ Aristolochia papillaris

85. Flowers with completely separate petals.................................................................................................................... 86

85. Flowers with the petals fused...................................................................................................................................... 89

86. Flowers borne in axillary or cauliflorous glomerules.................................................................. Doliocarpus dentatus

86. Flowers borne in panicles or cymes............................................................................................................................ 87

87. Plant glabrous; inflorescences borne opposite to the leaves............................................................. Cissus verticillada

87. Plant with rough hairs; inflorescences terminal.......................................................................................................... 88

88. Sepals unequal, inner two larger than the outer three, surrounding the flowers (Fig. 4H)..................... Davilla aspera

88. Sepals equal, not surrounding the flowers...................................................................................... Tetracera breyniana

89. Flowers solitary.............................................................................................................................. Operculina altissima

89. Flowers grouped in inforescences............................................................................................................................... 90 90. Stigma globose............................................................................................................................................................ 91

90. Stigma oblong............................................................................................................................................................. 96

91. Leaves pinnatifid.............................................................................................................................. Ipomoea quamoclit

91. Leaves entire to 3–5 lobed.......................................................................................................................................... 92

92. Leaves sagitate; sepals with liguliform appendix on their inner surface.......................................... Ipomoea bahiensis

92. Leaves never sagitate; sepals without an appendix on their inner surface................................................................. 93

93. Leaves 3–5-lobed; sepals corniculate............................................................................................ Ipomoea hederifolia

93. Leaves entire; sepals not corniculate.......................................................................................................................... 94

94. Leaves and sepals glabrous................................................................................................................. Ipomoea obscura

94. Leaves and sepals hairy to velvety............................................................................................................................. 95

95. Leaves elliptic; hairs golden.......................................................................................................... Bonamia maripoides

95. Leaves cordate; hairs white.................................................................................................................... Ipomoea martii

96. Plants velvety, hairs stellate........................................................................................... Jacquemontia menispermoides

96. Plants glabrous to glabrescent, where glabrescent the hairs simple............................................... Merremia umbelata

Key to the identification of the climbing plants of Igarassu based on fruiting material

1. Tendrils present, but not associated with the inflorescence.......................................................................................... 2

1. Tendrils absent, or where present just a simple branch.............................................................................................. 34

2. Leaves opposite............................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Leaves alternate............................................................................................................................................................ 6

3. Leaves simple................................................................................................................................ Strychnos parviflora

3. Leaves compound......................................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Leaflets bearing two dark glands at their base, branches of the inflorescence flattened in cross-section................................................................................................................................................................... Phryganocydia corymbosa

4. Leaflets without dark glands, branches of the inflorescence cylindrical in cross-section............................................ 5

5. Fruits oblongoid, seeds not winged................................................................................... Adenocalymma hypostictum

5. Frutis elongated, seeds winged.............................................................................................................. Lundia cordata

6. Leaves simple or 1-foliolate compound........................................................................................................................ 7

6. Leaves compound and with more than one foliole..................................................................................................... 26

7. Tendrils hook-like......................................................................................................................................................... 8

7. Tendrils twining............................................................................................................................................................ 9

8. Basal third of the leaflet connate; fruit indehiscent..................................................................... Phanera trichosepala

8. Basal two-thirds of the leaflets connate; fruit dehiscent.................................................................. Phanera outimouta

9. Tendrils axillary to the leaves..................................................................................................................................... 10

9. Tendril not axillary to the leaves................................................................................................................................. 19

10. Fruits winged, grouped in short (<20cm) racemes............................................................................... Gouania virgata

10. Fruits berries, solitary, in pairs or long (> 20cm) racemes.......................................................................................... 11

11. Leaves entire............................................................................................................................................................... 12

11. Leaves 2- or more lobbed........................................................................................................................................... 14

12. Fruits grouped in racemes up to 1.5 m in length................................................................................. Passiflora ovalis

12. Fruits solitary or in pairs............................................................................................................................................. 13

13. Stem 4-angulate in cross-section; petiole with 2-6 sessile glands........................................................ Passiflora alata

13. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; petiole with 2 stalked glands..................................................... Passiflora galbana

14. Leaves 5-lobbed............................................................................................................................ Passiflora cincinnata

14. Leaves 2- or 3-lobbed................................................................................................................................................. 15

15. Mature fruits never more than 15mm long................................................................................................................. 16

15. Mature fruits always more than 15mm long............................................................................................................... 17

16. Stem hairy, flattened in cross-section................................................................................................. Passiflora misera

16. Stem glabrous, cylindrical in cross-section.................................................................................... Passiflora suberosa

17. Petiole with two sessile glands............................................................................................................ Passiflora edulis

17. Petiole with 2-6 stalked glands................................................................................................................................... 18

18. Apex of the leaves and stipules mucronate................................................................................. Passiflora watsoniana

18. Apex of the leaves and stipules truncate........................................................................................ Passiflora edmundoi

19. Tendrils opposite to the leaves (Fig. 3A)........................................................................................... Cissus verticillata

19. Tendrils in the leaf sheath, at the basis of the inflorescence, or forming an acute angle with petiole (Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G)................................................................................................................................................................................ 20

20. Tendrils two, in the apex of the leaf sheath (Fig. 3G)....................................................................... Smilax syphilitica

20. Tendril solitary, in the leaf’s axils, forming an acute angle with the petiole or at the basis of the inflorescence (Fig. 3D).............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 21. Leaves glabrous.......................................................................................................................................................... 22

21. Leaves hairy................................................................................................................................................................ 23

22. Latex watery; seeds arilate................................................................................................................. Psiguria umbrosa

22. Latex absent; seeds without an aril.............................................................................................. Melothria fluminensis

23. Mature fruits green or yellow striped......................................................................................................................... 24

23. Mature entirely yellow to orange................................................................................................................................ 25

24. Petioles to 3 cm long; leaves scabrous on the adaxial surface.......................................................... Gurania spinulosa

24. Petioles to 15 cm long; leaves pubescent on the adaxial surface..................................................... Guranis acuminata

25. Mature fruit orange, dehiscent; seeds red.................................................................................... Momordica charantia

25. Mature fruit yellow (rarely red), indehiscent; seeds white................................................................ Cayaponia tayuya

26. Tendrils borne opposite to the leaves (Fig. 3A).......................................................................................... Cissus erosa

26. Tendrils borne in the axils of the leaves or at the basis of the inflorescence (Fig. 3B, C, D, F, G)............................ 27

27. Fruits fleshy................................................................................................................................................................ 28

27. Fruits dry..................................................................................................................................................................... 32

28. Leaves with 2 or 3 foliolules....................................................................................................................................... 29

28. Leaves with more than 3-foliolules............................................................................................................................ 30

29. Plants glabrous; fruits solitary........................................................................................................... Psiguria triphylla

29. Plants pubscent to scrabous; fruit borne in racemes..................................................................... Gurania bignoniacea

30. Fruits without wings........................................................................................................................... Paullinia pinnata

30. Fruit 3-winged............................................................................................................................................................. 31

31. Leaf margin entire; wings of the fruit obovate, apiculate................................................................ Paullinia racemosa

31. Leaf margin dentate; wings of the fruit elliptical, not apiculate........................................................ Paullinia trigonia

32. Stem flattened in cross-section; leaves pinnate........................................................................ Machaerium aculeatum

32. Stem cylindrical in cross-section; leaves 3-foliolate or ternate.................................................................................. 33

33. Fruit divided into three oblong-winged samaras....................................................................... Serjania subinpunctata

33. Fruit divided into three ovate-winged samaras............................................................................ Serjania salzmaniana

34. Leaves opposite or verticillate.................................................................................................................................... 35

34. Leaves alternate.......................................................................................................................................................... 48

35. Stipules borne between the petioles........................................................................................................ Sabicea grisea

35. Stipules not borne between the petioles...................................................................................................................... 36

36. Plants hairy................................................................................................................................................................. 37

36. Plants glabrous............................................................................................................................................................ 42

37. Latex present............................................................................................................................................................... 38

37. Latex absent................................................................................................................................................................ 40

38. Glands absent from the leaf limb................................................................................................. Temnadenia odorifera

38. Glands present on the leaf limb.................................................................................................................................. 39

39. Leaves scabrous, glands 2-6, distributed along the midvein............................................................ Mandevilla scabra

39. Leaves not scabrous, glands 2-6 grouped at the base of the midvein................................................ Matelea maritima

40. Leaf covered with long fine hairs; fruit divided into 3 samaras........................................... Stigymaphyllon blanchetii

40. Leaf covered with short thick hairs............................................................................................................................. 50

41. Fruit a 3-valved capsule; seeds winged.................................................................................... Prionostemma asperum

41. Fruits grouped into a capitate compound infrutescence...................................................................... Mikania obovata

42. Fruit winged................................................................................................................................................................ 43

42. Fruit not winged.......................................................................................................................................................... 45

43. Wings less than three times the length of the fruit.................................................................... Niendenzuela acutifolia

43. Wings as long as or longer than three times the length of the fruit............................................................................ 44

44. Wings oblong-falcate (Fig. 2J)................................................................................................ Heteropterys nordestina

44. Wings asymmetrically obovate (Fig. 2I)................................................................................. Stigmaphyllon salzmanii

45. Stigma feather-like................................................................................................................................. Clematis dioica

45. Stigma not feather-like................................................................................................................................................ 46

46. Fruit a 3-carpelar capsule; seeds winged.................................................................................... Hippocratea vollubilis

46. Fruit a berry or a 2-carpelar capsule; seeds not winged............................................................................................. 47

47. Fruit a capsule, 2-carpelar................................................................................................................... Thunbergia alata

47. Fruit a berry............................................................................................................................ Mendoncia blanchetiana

48. Ochrea present (Fig. 2N)............................................................................................................. Coccoloba ochreolata

48. Ohcrea absent.............................................................................................................................................................. 49

49. Leaves compound....................................................................................................................................................... 50

49. Leaves simple or compound unifoliolate.................................................................................................................... 69

50. Palms. Terminal leaflets reduced, stiff and hook-like (Fig. 4A)................................................................................. 51 50. Not palms. Terminal leaflets not hook-like, foliaceus................................................................................................ 52

51. Raphe unarmed, leaflets unarmed or sometimes armed with thorns at the basis of the leaflets; apex of bracts covered in narrow thorns (Fig. 4B)..................................................................................................... Desmoncus orthacanthos

51. Raphe and abaxial surface of the leaflets armed with stiff and twisted thorns; apex of bracts covered in pustular thorns (Fig. 4C)...................................................................................................................... Desmoncus polyacanthos

52. Inflorescences opposite to the leaves.......................................................................................................... Cissus erosa

52. Inflorescences never opposite to the leaves................................................................................................................ 53

53. Leaves digitate............................................................................................................................. Merremia macrocalyx

53. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, never digitate............................................................................................................ 54

54. Prickles or thorns present................................................................................................................ Senegalia tenuifolia

54. Prickles or thorns absent............................................................................................................................................. 55

55. Calyx persistent, 2-lobed............................................................................................................................................ 56

55. Calyx persistent, 4 or 5 lobed..................................................................................................................................... 58

56. Abaxial surface of the leave glabrous........................................................................................... Canavalia parviflora

56. Abaxial surface of the leave glabrescent to pubescent............................................................................................... 57

57. Calyx lobes of unequal lengths................................................................................................... Canavalia braziliensis

57. Calyx lobes of equal lengths............................................................................................................ Canavalia dictyota

58. Calyx 5 lobed.............................................................................................................................................................. 58

58. Calyx 4-lobed.............................................................................................................................................................. 66

59. Calyx including a spur................................................................................................................................................ 60

59. Calyx lacking a spur................................................................................................................................................... 61

60. Stem cylindrical; calyx lobes unequal in size, the larger lobe twice the length of the calyx tube..................................................................................................................................................................................... Centrosema pubescens

60. Stem angulate; calyx lobes of equal size...................................................................................... Centrosema plumieri

61. Bracteole caducous; calyx campanulate..................................................................................................................... 62

61. Bracteole persistent; calyx tubular.............................................................................................................................. 63

62. Stems bearing lenticels, glabrous; leaflets lanceolate; calyx persistent in fruit............................. Connarus blanchetii

62. Stem lacking lenticels, hairy; leaflets ovate; calyx not persistent............................................. Rynchosia pyramidalis

63. Seeds more than ten per fruit................................................................................................... Macroptilum prostratum

63. Seeds 4-6 per fruit....................................................................................................................................................... 64

64. Legume obtusely quadrangular; seeds spherical................................................................................... Clitoria falcata

64. Legume oblong to linear............................................................................................................................................. 65

65. Plants glabrous; bracteoles stiff, adpressed to the rachis........................................................................... Vigna luteola

65. Plants hirsute; bracteoles membranaceous, free..................................................................................... Vigna vexillata

66. Lobes of the calyx of unequal length (Fig. 4D); fruit with urticating hairs….................................... Mucuna pruriens

66. Lobes of the calyx of equal length; fruit without urticating hairs.............................................................................. 67

67. Plants herbaceous..................................................................................................................... Centrosema brazilianum

67. Plants woody............................................................................................................................................................... 68

68. Stem hairy; calyx glabrous.................................................................................................................... Dioclea virgata

68. Stem glabrous; calyx hairy.................................................................................................................. Dioclea violacea

69. Fruits grouped in a flower-like inflorescence............................................................................................................. 70

69. Fruits borne in racemes, panicles, glomerules or solitary........................................................................................... 73

70. Fruits arranged into a capitate compound inflorescence....................................................... Cyrtocymura scorpioides

70. Fruits protected by two persistent, bright involucral bracts, not arranged into a capitulum...................................... 71

71. Involucral bracts entire (Fig 4E)....................................................................................... Dalechampia convolvuloides

71. Involucral bracts 3-lobed............................................................................................................................................ 72

72. Stipules linear-subulate; seed rough, dark-brown (Fig 4F)................................................... Dalechampia brasiliensis

72. Stipules reniform; seeds smooth, light-brown (Fig 4F).................................................. Dalechampia pernambucensis

73. Plant bearing urticating hairs; fruit a 3-lobed capsule; a single seed per locule......................................................... 74

73. Plant not bearing urticating hairs; fruit 3-lobed or not, where 3-lobed more than one seed per locule..................... 75

74. Leaves 5-veined..................................................................................................................................... Tragia volubilis

74. Leaves 3-veined................................................................................................................................. Tragia lessertiana

75. Fruit solitary................................................................................................................................................................ 76

75. Fruit borne in racemes, panicles or glomerule............................................................................................................ 77

76. Pseudo-stipules reniform......................................................................................................... Aristolochia brasiliensis

76. Pesudo-stipules absent.............................................................................................................. Aristolochia pappillaris

77. Fruit a pod................................................................................................................................................................... 78

77. Fruit not a pod............................................................................................................................................................. 79

78. Apical third of the leaflets connate; bracts linear-lanceolate....................................................... Phanera trichosepala

78. Basal third of the leaflets connate; bracts reniform......................................................................... Phanera outimouta

79. Fruits winged.............................................................................................................................................................. 80

79. Fruits not winged........................................................................................................................................................ 81

80. Fruits 3-winged; seeds numerous, flattened................................................................................. Dioscorea marginata

80. Fruits 1-winged; one seed per fruit, spherical............................................................................ Securidaca diversifolia

81. Fruits fleshy................................................................................................................................................................ 82

81. Fruits dry..................................................................................................................................................................... 84

82. Fruits born in a cime, opposite to the leaves....................................................................................... Cissus verticilata

82. Fruits born in caulinar or terminal racemes................................................................................................................ 83

83. Leaves peltate; bracts cordate.................................................................................................. Cissampelos glaberrima

83. Leaves no peltate; bracts filiform........................................................................................ Cissampelos andromorpha

84. Stems not releasing latex when cut............................................................................................................................. 85

84. Stems releasing white or colourless latex when cut................................................................................................... 86

85. Sepals persistent, unequal, internal 2 bigger than the external 3, surrounding the fruit (Fig. 4H); seeds with a white aril............................................................................................................................................................ Davila aspera

85. Sepals persistent, equal in size, not surrounding the fruit; seeds without a white aril............................................... 87

86. Fruits solitary................................................................................................................................. Operculina altissima

86. Fruits grouped in infrutescences................................................................................................................................. 88

87. Fruits born in terminal racemes...................................................................................................... Tetracera breyniana

87. Fruits born in axillary or cauliflorous glomerules....................................................................... Doliocarpus dentatus

88. Leaves pinatifid................................................................................................................................ Ipomoea quamoclit

88. Leaves entire to 5-lobed.............................................................................................................................................. 89

89. Leaves sagitate; inner surface of sepals with liguliform appendix................................................... Ipomoea bahiensis

89. Leaves never sagitated; inner surface of sepals without appendix............................................................................. 90

90. Leaves 3–5-lobed; sepals............................................................................................................... Ipomoea hederifolia

90. Leaves entire; sepals not corniculate.......................................................................................................................... 91

91. Leaves and sepals glabrous......................................................................................................................................... 92

91. Leaves and sepals hairy.............................................................................................................................................. 93

92. Fruits irregulary dehiscent; seeds triangular................................................................................... Merremia umbelata

92. Fruits regulary dehiscent; seeds with two surfaces flat, one convex.................................................. Ipomoea obscura

93. Fruits 4-valved, each valve dividing into two................................................................ Jacquemontia menispermoides

93. Fruits 4-valved, valves not subdividing upon opening............................................................................................... 94

94. Leaves elliptic; hairs golden.......................................................................................................... Bonamia maripoides

94. Leaves cordate; hairs white.................................................................................................................... Ipomoea martii