Camera trapping bird data

Study Extent

Caribbean sites Colosó The natural reserve Primates, is located at the southeast foothills of the Montes de María or Serranía de San Jacinto belonging to the Northern foothills of the Serranía de San Jeronimo at Sucre and Bolivar departments (Galván-Guevara 2009). Its geography combines valleys and steep mountains that oscillate between 200 to 700 AMSL (Mayoralty of Colosó 2008). Vegetation corresponds with tropical dry forest formation and is estimated as one of the areas with higher extension and exuberance of tropical dry forest at Caribbean region (Galvis y Mesa 2014). The hydrological network of Colosó municipality is formed by the Colosó stream micro watershed which has an extension of 101.06 km and starts with the Pitalcito stream at 600 AMSL and flowing into the Pichilín stream (Mayoralty of Colosó 2008). Most of the minor streams are seasonal streams flowing just in rainy season. Ciénaga Locality belongs to the El Congo Natural Reserve (Antigua Town) and surroundings and is located on the northwestern side of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Magdalena), at the Rio Frio Valley, specifically at the Congo whatershed. This valley is a mosaic of premontane humid forest fragments, shaded coffee plantations, stubble and grassland (Fundación Pro Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 1998) This place shows broad microclimate diversity due to altitudinal and relief variation, generating changes in parameters such as temperature, radiation, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, cloud cover and wings (PAIDS, 2006). Precipitation shows bimodal behavior with two dry periods (January and April – July and August) and two rainy periods (September and December – May and June) (IGAC 1993). El Ceibal El Ceibal Farm is located at Santa Catalina municipality (Bolivar) at the Caribbean Colombian region. Is a tropical dry forest fragment with an extension of 264 hectares and rectangular shape surrounded bby cattle pastures; It limits at south with La Cordialidad highway and at East with Los Límites municipality. It is characterized by high mean temperatures (35 °C day and 28°C night), increased relative humidity (up to 78%) and 700 mm of annual mean precipitation in a bimodal behavior with peaks in May-June and October-December (Barrera et al. 2010; CARDIQUE, 2013; Nassar-Montoya et al. 2010). This Fragment of tropical dry forest has a good state of conservation due to the presence of plant species characteristics of secondary and late successions tardías (CARDIQUE, 2013; Castellanos, 2013) and due to the recent declaration as Regional Nature Park Dry Forest El ceibal Mono Tití. Andean sites Paipa Trap cameras were located at Rancheria Municipal Natural Park, which has an extension of 675.15 hectares and is located at Paipa Municipality, Boyacá department. Study area embrace Jardinal, Medios and Rincón de Españoles small town with paramo and cloud forest. Topography ranges from steep to rippled, with high earrings. Site belongs to part of Chicamocha River high basin with some rivers and streams (Vásquez & Serrano 2009). Annual precipitation is distributed in two rainy seasons: May-March and September-November (CORPOBOYACÁ 2013). Uribe-Uribe Trap cameras were located in a transition humid to dry forest at the Uribe-Uribe corregimiento of the Lebrija (Santander) municipality. Area belongs to the Lebrija river low basin and shows a broken topography. It has one dry period in January, February and partially March, rainy seasons in April-June and October-December with a transition period in July-September. Filandia Study area belongs to Filandia municipality and is located in the western branch of the Central Mountain Range, to the north of the Quindío Department. It has a vegetal formation of very humid low montane forest ranging from 1900 to 2100 AMSL. Temperature oscillates between 12 and 18 °C and relative humidity is around 83%. Trap cameras were located inside Barbas-Bremen Soil Conservation District, Bremen-La Popa Forest Reserve borders and the four connecting corridors (Monos, Laureles, Pavas y Colibríes).
Pacific sites The colombian Choco Biogeografico is conformed by Chocó, Córdoba, Antioquia, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño. Near of 90% is a special conservation zone with presence of Tapón del darien; it is one of the sites with higher biological diversity on planet (Herrera y Walschburger 1999) and harbors many unique animal and plant species (CEPF 2002). In addition to its biological diversity this region has a huge hydrological networks and mineral resources (mainly gold and platinum), which highlights the potential of this region in terms of environmental services it can offer humanity (Jiménez-Ortega, com. pers.) . Camera trap samplings at Colombian Pacifico were carried out in four localities, two at Valle del Cauca department (Bahía Málaga and Cajambre), one at Chocó department (Pie de Pepé) and on in Antioquia (Mutatá). Three localities belong to Afrocolombian Collective Territories (La Plata, Pie de Pepe y Cajambre) and Mutatá is a Embera indigenous territory.

Sampling

The photo-trapping is employed for sampling of terrestrial vertebrates, especially mammals. In this technique is used a non-invasive tool called camera traps, making possible to obtain photographs of whose individuals which pass in front of the camera. This methodology is considered appropriate to inventories development (Carbone et al. 2001) and to estimates abundance and density of vertebrate species with terrestrial habits. Also, its use provides information about presence and distribution of wildlife with cryptic habits (Karanth et al. 2004). The optimization of field work with camera trap depends of sampling design and an adequate procedure of installation in study area.

Quality Control

Taxonomic identification follow checklist´s Clements et al 2016 Ajuste de vocabularios controlados en: Elementos de registros: type y collectionID de acuerdo a la naturaleza de los datos;

Method steps

1. Sampling design: Based on basic cartographic information, a route guide was developed for field work. Map included information about landscape matrix (for example: forest, crops, etc.) and tentative location of cameras trap in simple sampling stations (n = 20) and with distance between them of 1 km. The sampling design ensuring an optimum sampling effort to detect the most common species in a period of 30 days (Diaz-Pulido and Payan 2012), more than 400 traps-night (Tobler et al., 2008-).
2. Programming of cameras trap: According to conditions of study area and type cameras trap used, it was verified that camera was active for recording of photographs and with largest image size possible. The capture of a sequence of 3 photos per record and an interval between sequences of 1 second was indicated. It was revised that sensor level was automatic and LED (light emitting diode) with average intensity. It was ensured that digital memory was formatted and that information (date, time, lunar phase, temperature and other that the camera allows) at the moment of photographic record was recorded in image. Finally, camera´s name, date, time and geographic coordinates of the sampling station were recorded.
3. Installation of cameras trap: The installation of cameras trap at the sampling stations was done in collaboration with local people, in areas with greatest probability of recording of wildlife and in all habitat types of study area (Tobler et al., 2008). Trails and "salados" are some of the best places for ubication of cameras trap (Silver 2004). In each sampling station, one camera trap was installed perpendicular to the path of the animal to detect its flank and preferably to a distance between 3 and 4 meters from probable crossing site of animal. The correct ubication of camera trap was confirm with "crawl examination" for verifying detection area of ​​camera. (Diaz-Pulido And Payan 2012).
4. Revision and data recollection Thirty days after camera instalation, information from SD memory cards was extracted. Each picture information was processed with NAIRA software. Database was built including the higher as possible taxonomic resolution of each picture where a bird was detected.

51 species of birds were registered in 177 sampling stations with 10.786 records corresponding to 14 orders (Accipitriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Cathartiformes, Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Passeriformes, Pelecaniformes, Strigiformes, Tinamiformes) and 23 families (Accipitridae, Ardeidae, Caprimulgidae, Cathartidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, Cracidae, Cuculidae, Emberizidae, Falconidae, Formicariidae, Grallariidae, Momotidae, Odontophoridae, Parulidae, Rallidae, Strigidae, Thamnophilidae, Thraupidae, Threskiornithidae, Tinamidae, Trochilidae, Turdidae).

1. Accipitridae
   rank: family
2. Ardeidae
   rank: family
3. Caprimulgidae
   rank: family
4. Cathartidae
   rank: family
5. Columbidae
   rank: family
6. Corvidae
   rank: family
7. Cracidae
   rank: family
8. Cuculidae
   rank: family
9. Emberizidae
   rank: family
10. Falconidae
    rank: family
11. Formicariidae
    rank: family
12. Grallariidae
    rank: family
13. Momotidae
    rank: family
14. Odontophoridae
    rank: family
15. Parulidae
    rank: family
16. Rallidae
    rank: family
17. Strigidae
    rank: family
18. Thamnophilidae
    rank: family
19. Thraupidae
    rank: family
20. Threskiornithidae
    rank: family
21. Tinamidae
    rank: family
22. Trochilidae
    rank: family
23. Turdidae
    rank: family

Forests with different successional states of Colombian Caribbean region in municipalities of Ciénaga (Magdalena), Colosó (Sucre) and Santa Catalina (Bolívar); in Colombian Andean region in municipalities of Filandia (Quindío), Paipa (Boyacá) and Lebrija (Santander); And in Colombian Pacifico region in municipalities of Buenaventura (Valle del Cauca), Medio Baudó (Chocó) and Mutatá (Antioquia).