Dataset of Phenology of flora of med…

Occurrence dataset published by Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Andalusian Environmental Cen…

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Summary

Full Title

Dataset of Phenology of flora of mediterranean high-mountains meadows (Sierra Nevada)

Description

Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain) hosts a high number of endemic plant species, being one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean basin. The high-mountain meadow ecosystems (borreguiles) harbour a large number of endemic and threatened plant species. In this data paper, we describe a dataset of the flora inhabiting this threatened ecosystem in this Mediterranean mountain. The dataset includes occurrence data for flora collected in those ecosystems in two periods: 1988-1990 and 2009-2013. A total of 11002 records of occurrences belonging to 19 orders, 28 families 52 genera were collected. 73 taxa were recorded with 29 threatened taxa. We also included data of cover-abundance and phenology attributes for the records. The dataset is included in the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (OBSNEV), a long-term research project designed to compile socio-ecological information on the major ecosystem types in order to identify the impacts of global change in this area.

Temporal coverages

Date range: May 1, 1988 - Oct 31, 2013

Language of Metadata

ENGLISH

Language of Data

SPANISH

Originator
Regino Jesús Zamora Rodríguez
Researcher
Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n 18071 Granada Granada Spain (+34) 958 241000 ext 20037
Metadata author
Antonio Jesús Pérez-Luque
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain
Administrative contact
Antonio Jesús Pérez-Luque
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain

doi:10.15468/qhqzub

Published by

Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Andalusian Environmental Center, University of Granada, Regional Government of Andalusia

Publication Date

May 7, 2015

Registration Date

Dec 3, 2014

Hosted by

GBIF-Spain

Served by

GBIF Spain IPT

Links

Alternative Identifiers

External Data

Metadata Documents

11,002 Georeferenced data

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Description

Sierra Nevada (Andalusia, SE Spain), is a mountainous region with an altitudinal range between 860 m and 3482 m a.s.l. which covers more than 2000 km2. The… more

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Other Contacts

Author
Regino Jesús Zamora Rodíguez
Researcher
Grupo de Ecología Terrestre, Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Granada Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n 18071 Granada Granada Spain (+34) 958 241000 ext 20037
Author
Antonio Jesús Pérez-Luque
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain
Content provider
Cristina Patricia Sánchez-Rojas
Technician
Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Junta de Andalucía C/ Joaquina Egüaras, 10 18003 Granada Granada Spain
Author
Francisco Javier Bonet García
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain
Author
Cristina Patricia Sánchez-Rojas
Technician
Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Junta de Andalucía C/ Joaquina Egüaras, 10 18003 Granada Granada Spain
Administrative contact
Antonio Jesús Pérez-Luque
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain
Author
Ramón Pérez-Pérez
Researcher
Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (CEAMA), Universidad de Granada Avda. Mediterráneo s/n 18006 Granada Granada Spain
Principal investigator
Regino Jesús Zamora Rodríguez

Taxonomic Coverage

This dataset includes records of the phylum Magnoliophyta (10939 records, 99.43%) and marginally Pteridophyta (63 records, below 1% of total records). Most of the records included in this dataset belong to both the class Magnoliopsida (6057 records; 55.04%) and Liliopsida (4883 records; 44.37%). The class Psilotopsida is represented by 63 records. There are 19 orders represented in the dataset, Poales (44.25%) and Lamiales (12.52%) being the most important order from classes Liliopsida and Magnoliopsida, respectively. The class Psilotopsida is represented only by order Ophioglossales. In this collection, 28 families are represented, with Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae being the families with highest number of records. The dataset contains 72 taxa belonging to 51 genera. Carex, Nardus, and Scorzoneroides are the most represented genera in the database. There are 29 threatened taxa.

KINGDOM
Plantae
PHYLUM
Magnoliophyta, Pteridophyta
CLASS
Liliopsida, Magnoliopsida, Psilotopsida
ORDER
Apiales, Asterales, Asparagales, Boraginales, Brassicales, Caryophyllales, Celastrales, Ericales, Fabales, Gentianales, Lamiales, Liliales, Malpighiales, Myrtales, Ophioglossales, Poales, Ranunculales, Rosales, Saxifragales
FAMILY
Apiaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Celastraceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Juncaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Onagraceae, Ophioglossaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Portulacaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Violaceae
GENUS
Agrostis, Anthericum, Arenaria, Botrychium, Bromus, Campanula, Carex, Cerastium, Cirsium, Dactylis, Draba, Eleocharis, Epilobium, Erophila, Eryngium, Euphrasia, Festuca, Gagea, Galium, Gentiana, Gentianella, Herniaria, Juncus, Linaria, Lotus, Luzula, Meum, Montia, Myosotis, Nardus, Parnassia, Paronychia, Phleum, Pinguicula, Plantago, Poa, Potentilla, Radiola, Ranunculus, Rumex, Sagina, Scorzoneroides, Sedum, Silene, Spergularia, Stellaria, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Vaccinium, Veronica, Viola

Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory (OBSNEV)

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Study area description

Sierra Nevada (Andalusia, SE Spain), is a mountainous region with an altitudinal range between 860 m and 3482 m a.s.l. which covers more than 2000 km2. The climate is Mediterranean, characterized by cold winters and hot summers, with pronounced summer drought (July-August). The annual average temperature decreases in altitude from 12-16ºC below 1500 m to 0ºC above 3000 m a.s.l., and the annual average precipitation is about 600 mm. Additionally, the complex orography of the mountains causes strong climatic contrasts between the sunny, dry south-facing slopes and the shaded, wetter north-facing slopes. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 250 mm in the lowest parts of the mountain range to more than 700 mm in the summit areas. Winter precipitation is mainly in the form of snow above 2000 m of altitude. The Sierra Nevada mountain range hosts a high number of endemic plant species (c. 80; Lorite et al. 2007) for a total of 2,100 species of vascular plants (25% and 20% of Spanish and European flora, respectively), being considered one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean region (Blanca et al. 1998; Cañadas et al. 2014).

Design description

Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory (OBSNEV) (Bonet et al. 2011) is a long-term research project which is being undertaken at Sierra Nevada Biosphere Reserve (SE Spain). It is intended to compile the information necessary for identifying as early as possible the impacts of global change, in order to design management mechanisms to minimize these impacts and adapt the system to new scenarios (Aspizua et al. 2010, Bonet el al. 2010). The general objectives are to: • Evaluate the functioning of ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada Nature Reserve, their natural processes and dynamics over a medium-term timescale. • Identify population dynamics, phenological changes, and conservation issues regarding key species that could be considered indicators of ecological processes. • Identify the impact of global change on monitored species, ecosystems, and natural resources, providing an overview of trends of change that could help foster ecosystem resilience. • Design mechanisms to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of management activities performed in the Sierra Nevada in order to implement an adaptive management framework. • Help to disseminate information of general interest concerning the values and importance of Sierra Nevada. The Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory has four cornerstones: 1. A monitoring program with 40 methodologies that collect information on ecosystem functioning (Aspizua et al. 2012; 2014) 2. An information system to store and manage all the information gathered (http://obsnev.es/linaria.html - Pérez-Pérez et al. 2012; Free access upon registration) 3. A plan to promote adaptive management of natural resources using the knowledge amassed through the monitoring programme 4. An outreach program to disseminate all the available information to potential users (see News Portal of the project at http://obsnev.es and the wiki of the project at http://wiki.obsnev.es, Pérez-Luque et al. 2012) The Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is linked to other national (Zamora and Bonet 2011) and international monitoring networks: GLOCHAMORE (Global Change in Mountain Regions) (Björnsen 2005), GLOCHAMOST (Global Change in Mountain Sites) (Schaaf 2009), LTER-Spain (Long-Term Ecological Research). In addition to monitoring the ecosystems of this mountain range (i.e., collection of recent data from biotic and abiotic variables) the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is incorporating historical information of biodiversity into its information system and some historical experiments and studies are being revisited to detect potential changes due to global change. The dataset described here is a good example of this idea: a singular ecosystem was revisited and resampled 30 years after to check if the phenology of its flora community has suffered changes

Funding

Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory is funded by Andalusian Regional Government (via Environmental Protection Agency) and by the Spanish Government (via “Fundación Biodiversidad”, which is a Public Foundation)

Project Personnel

Principal investigator
Regino Jesús Zamora Rodríguez

Methodology

Collections

Study extent

The Mediterranean high-mountain meadows (know locally as “borreguiles”) are ecosystems conditioned by the snow dynamics and potentially sensitive to changes in water availability and temperature (Fernández Casas, 1974; Martínez Parras et al. 1985). This ecosystem occupies an altitudinal range between 2200 and 3000 m a.s.l. and its distribution is determined by accumulation of the meltwater (Fernández-Casas 1974). Although it represents only 1.4% of this mountain range (1125 ha), it has a high rate of plant endemicity (Table 1) (Bonet et al. 2010; APMM 2013). The borreguiles is included in the Annex I of the Habitats Directive (EU habitat code 6230) (Bartolomé et al. 2005; Rigueiro et al. 2009). This ecosystem settles over hydromorphic soils that develop around mountain lakes, streams, depressions and glacier origin valleys. The overall appearance of borreguiles in summer is intense green, contrasting with the yellowish color of the surrounding psychroxerophiles grasslands. This ecosystem contains several plant communities arranged as parallel bands in relation to water courses (Lorite 2002). The floristic composition of these communities depends on moisture content of the substrate. First, on some moist soil, as a transition from dry grasslands to borreguiles themselves, there is a medium coverage grassland called dry borreguil. It hosts species such Agrostis nevadensis, Plantago nivalis, Ranunculus acetosellifolius, Thymus serpylloides or Arenaria tetraquetra subsp. amabilis (among others) (Losa et al. 1985, Lorite 2002). Then dense grassland appears, located in areas with constant moisture throughout the summer and deep soils. As typical species of this community include Nardus stricta, Festuca iberica, Leontodon microcephalus, Lotus corniculatus subsp. glacialis, Luzula spicata, Ranunculus demissus and Campanula herminii. Moreover, in the rocky promontories areas forming the borreguil are enriched with the presence of Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. nanum and Ranunculus acetosellifolius. In places where there is constant flooding and still waters until fall, the optimum conditions of oxygen deprivation exist for incipient peat formations are installed. These communities are characterized by the presence of species such as Carex nigra, Eleocharis quinqueflora, C. echinata, C. nevadensis, Juncus articulatus, Ranunculus angustifolius, Pinguicula nevadensis or Festuca frigida. In addition to its high ecological value, this ecosystem plays an important role in transhumance livestock systems (Robles et al. 2009). They are pastures with a high nutritive value and with the greater forage production of the Sierra Nevada ecosystems (Boza et al. 2008; González-Rebollar 2006; Robles et al 2009, APMM 2013). This is important because they act as a trophic reserve for livestock in summer (Fernández-Casas 1974; Robles 2008). However the abandonment of uses linked this practice has tended effect of reducing the area of this ecosystems and consequent overloading of neighboring (González-Rebollar 2006; Robles 2008) We selected one of the most representative borreguiles of Sierra Nevada, located at San Juan basin river (Guejar-Sierra; Granada, Spain).The catchment area is about 1325 Ha. This basin was formed by glacial erosion of the bedrock (mica schists) and presents a valley with U-shaped (Martín Martín et al. 2010).

Sampling description

We sampled at three localities along an altitudinal gradient: one at Prado de la Mojonera (Low Altitude; around 2200 m a.s.l.) and two at Hoya del Moro (Middle and High altitude; 2430-2550 m a.s.l. and around 2775 m a.s.l respectively). For each locality, the sampling was performed every 15 days during the free-snow period once a year from 1988-1990 and from 2009 to 2013. For the middle altitude locality we have data from two periods: 1988-1990 and 2009-2013. For low and high altitude locations we have data from 2009-2013 period. In each locality permanent plots of 1 x 1 m were randomly distributed. In each plot a floristic inventory was carried out. The presence/absence and an estimation of abundance-coverage using the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale (Braun-Blanquet 1964) were recorded for each taxa. We also counted the number of individuals belong to three main phenological phase (phenophase) established: vegetative phenophase, reproductive phenophase (flowering) and seed phenophase. Plots were divided into quadrats of 25 x 25 cm to facilitate counting.

Quality control

The sampling plots were georeferenced using a Garmin eTrex Legend GPS (ED1950 Datum) with an accuracy of ±5 m. We also used colour digital ortophotographs provided by the Andalusian Cartography Institute and GIS (ArcGIS 9.2; ESRI, Redlands, California, USA) to verify that the geographical coordinates of each sampling plots were correct (Chapman and Wieczorek 2006). The specimens were taxonomically identified using Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al. 1986-2005) and others reference floras: Flora de Andalucía Oriental (Blanca et al. 2011), Flora Vascular de Andalucía Oriental (Valdés et al. 1987) and Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964–1980). The scientific names were checked with databases of International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2013) and Catalogue of Life/Species 2000 (Roskov et al. 2013). We also used the R packages taxize (Chamberlian and Szocs 2013; Chamberlain et al. 2014) and Taxostand (Cayuela and Oksanen 2014) to verify the taxonomical classification. We also performed validation procedures (geopraphic coordinate format, coordinates within country/provincial boundaries, absence of ASCII anomalous characters in the dataset) with DARWIN_TEST (v3.2) software (Ortega-Maqueda and Pando, 2008).

Method Steps

  1. All data were stored in a normalized database and incorporated into the Information System of Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Taxonomic and spatial validations were made on this database (see Quality control description). A custom-made SQL view of the database was performed to gather occurrence data and others variables associated to some occurence data, specifically: • Flowering abundance: number of flowering individuals by square meter • Fruit abundance: number of individuals in fruiting period by square meter • Cover: the percentage of cover by taxon. The value represents a transformation of Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale (van der Maarel 1979, 2007) The occurrence and measurement data were accommodated to fulfill the Darwin Core Standard (Wieczorek et al. 2009; 2012). We used Darwin Core Archive Validator tool (http://tools.gbif.org/dwca-validator/) to check whether the dataset meets Darwin Core specifications. The Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT v2.0.5) (Robertson et al. 2014) of the Spanish node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (http://www.gbif.es:8080/ipt) was used both to upload the Darwin Core Archive and to fill out the metadata. The Darwin Core elements for the occurrence data included in the dataset are: occurrenceId, modified, language, basisOfRecord, institutionCode, collectionCode, datasetName, catalogNumber, scientificName, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specificEpithet, infraspecificEpithet, scientificNameAuthorship, continent, country, countryCode, stateProvince, county, locality, minimumElevationInMeters, maximumElevationInMeters, decimalLongitude, decimalLatitude, coordinateUncertaintyinMeters, geodeticDatum, recordedBy, DayCollected, MonthCollected, YearCollected, EventDate. For the measurement data, the Darwin Core elements included are: id, measurementID, measurementType, measurementValue, measurementAccuracy, measurementUnit, measurementDeterminedDate, measurementDeterminedBy, measurementMethod, measurementRemarks.

Collection name

Phenology of flora of mediterranean high-mountains meadows (Sierra Nevada)

Collection Identifier

http://www.gbif.es:8080/ipt/resource.do?r=borreguiles

Parent Collection Identifier

Not defined

Specimen Preservation method

No treatment

Curatorial Units

  • 11,004 ± 0 observations

References

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